cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses
... tissue density, such as the increased presence of cellular structures. The possible mechanisms to affect MD include capillaries, synapses, spines and macromolecular proteins; properties of myelin, membrane and axon; the shape of neurons or glia; or enhanced tissue organization, but MD is not specific ...
... tissue density, such as the increased presence of cellular structures. The possible mechanisms to affect MD include capillaries, synapses, spines and macromolecular proteins; properties of myelin, membrane and axon; the shape of neurons or glia; or enhanced tissue organization, but MD is not specific ...
Complete Pattern of Ocular Dominance Columns in Human Primary
... loss. They were patients of one of the authors (J.C.H.). Each patient, or surviving next-of-kin, provided written permission for postmortem histological examination, following a protocol approved by an Institutional Review Board. In every subject, except case 6, the eye was enucleated during adultho ...
... loss. They were patients of one of the authors (J.C.H.). Each patient, or surviving next-of-kin, provided written permission for postmortem histological examination, following a protocol approved by an Institutional Review Board. In every subject, except case 6, the eye was enucleated during adultho ...
Motor Resonance Meets Motor Performance - Unitn
... 6), the cortical portion comprised behind the arcuate sulcus and below the spur (Figure 1). The authors employed a naturalistic experimental paradigm in which the activity of single neurons was recorded during the occurrence of spontaneous movements performed by the animals. In this way they define ...
... 6), the cortical portion comprised behind the arcuate sulcus and below the spur (Figure 1). The authors employed a naturalistic experimental paradigm in which the activity of single neurons was recorded during the occurrence of spontaneous movements performed by the animals. In this way they define ...
Prefrontal Phase Locking to Hippocampal Theta Oscillations
... al., 1995; Takita et al., 1999). Disruption of the hippocampo-prefrontal pathway has been shown to impair performance on spatial learning tasks (Floresco et al., 1997), with recent experiments also showing reverse temporal gradients in the involvement of hippocampal and prefrontal circuits (Wiltgen ...
... al., 1995; Takita et al., 1999). Disruption of the hippocampo-prefrontal pathway has been shown to impair performance on spatial learning tasks (Floresco et al., 1997), with recent experiments also showing reverse temporal gradients in the involvement of hippocampal and prefrontal circuits (Wiltgen ...
The mirror neuron system and its role in learning Master`s thesis by
... using more single cell recordings in monkeys, but later also through the use of non-invasive brain imaging techniques. Especially when research started with the aim to find a similar mechanism in the human brain. Soon after the discovery of mirror neurons in the monkey brain it was already suggested ...
... using more single cell recordings in monkeys, but later also through the use of non-invasive brain imaging techniques. Especially when research started with the aim to find a similar mechanism in the human brain. Soon after the discovery of mirror neurons in the monkey brain it was already suggested ...
Can Oxytocin function as an antidepressant?
... humans. In monkeys intranasal administration of OXT attenuates the ACTH response to acute social isolation, but it had no significant effect on cortisol levels. The absence of an effect of cortisol levels may have been due to a short assessment period in which the cortisol level had not yet responde ...
... humans. In monkeys intranasal administration of OXT attenuates the ACTH response to acute social isolation, but it had no significant effect on cortisol levels. The absence of an effect of cortisol levels may have been due to a short assessment period in which the cortisol level had not yet responde ...
Cortical Involvement During Sustained Lower Limb Contractions
... identified and are key areas for potential cortical plasticity with impaired or enhanced leg function. Steadiness was altered by increasing cortical inputs (cognitive demand) especially in older adults whose motor performance was impaired and more variable than young. These results have important pe ...
... identified and are key areas for potential cortical plasticity with impaired or enhanced leg function. Steadiness was altered by increasing cortical inputs (cognitive demand) especially in older adults whose motor performance was impaired and more variable than young. These results have important pe ...
Anticipated synchronization in neuronal circuits
... Anticipated Synchronization (AS) is a form of synchronization that occurs when a unidirectional influence is transmitted from an emitter to a receiver, but the receiver system leads the emitter in time. This counterintuitive phenomenon can be a stable solution of two dynamical systems coupled in a m ...
... Anticipated Synchronization (AS) is a form of synchronization that occurs when a unidirectional influence is transmitted from an emitter to a receiver, but the receiver system leads the emitter in time. This counterintuitive phenomenon can be a stable solution of two dynamical systems coupled in a m ...
Limbic systems for emotion and for memory, but no
... Whereas the orbitofrontal cortex in Tier 2 represents the value of stimuli (potential goals for action) on a continuous scale, an area anterior to this, medial prefrontal cortex area 10 (in Tier 3), is implicated in decision-making between stimuli, in which a selection or choice must be made, moving ...
... Whereas the orbitofrontal cortex in Tier 2 represents the value of stimuli (potential goals for action) on a continuous scale, an area anterior to this, medial prefrontal cortex area 10 (in Tier 3), is implicated in decision-making between stimuli, in which a selection or choice must be made, moving ...
INFUSION OF NERVE GROWTH FACTOR (NGF) INTO KITTEN
... analysis of the basal forebrain regions of the same animals demonstrated that the NGF infused into cortex was biologically active, producing an increase in the number of NGF-, TrkA-, p75NTR -, and choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons in basal forebrain nuclei in the hemisphere ipsilateral to t ...
... analysis of the basal forebrain regions of the same animals demonstrated that the NGF infused into cortex was biologically active, producing an increase in the number of NGF-, TrkA-, p75NTR -, and choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons in basal forebrain nuclei in the hemisphere ipsilateral to t ...
The Spinal Interneurons and Properties of
... activity in motoneurons on the other (Fig. 1 B). We first examined connections from sensory neurons (RB) to sensory interneurons (dlc interneurons) in the dorsolateral region of the cord. With the spinal cord opened along its dorsal midline, RB neurons can be recognized by their large size and posit ...
... activity in motoneurons on the other (Fig. 1 B). We first examined connections from sensory neurons (RB) to sensory interneurons (dlc interneurons) in the dorsolateral region of the cord. With the spinal cord opened along its dorsal midline, RB neurons can be recognized by their large size and posit ...
The role of the cerebellum in classical conditioning of
... (1994) claimed that sensory response units in the interpositus were time-locked to the reflex responses. The studies cited above, however, do not support this claim. An example of a single interpositus neuron that exhibits all the properties of the learned neuronal response is shown in Fig. 3A. This ...
... (1994) claimed that sensory response units in the interpositus were time-locked to the reflex responses. The studies cited above, however, do not support this claim. An example of a single interpositus neuron that exhibits all the properties of the learned neuronal response is shown in Fig. 3A. This ...
Sub-exemplar Shape Tuning in Human Face
... One might conclude from these results that the shape tuning of visual activation of neuronal populations in the FFA faceselective area is very broad—that is, that the neural machinery is very tolerant to shape changes. However, as we have argued previously (Grill-Spector and others 1999), measuring ...
... One might conclude from these results that the shape tuning of visual activation of neuronal populations in the FFA faceselective area is very broad—that is, that the neural machinery is very tolerant to shape changes. However, as we have argued previously (Grill-Spector and others 1999), measuring ...
The Dialectics of Hebb and Homeostasis within
... or developmental (or pathological) changes in synapse number – will initiate synaptic scaling, which then slowly modifies synaptic strengths until firing rates are restored. The timescale over which perturbations in firing are sensed and integrated, and the speed of the resulting homeostatic compen ...
... or developmental (or pathological) changes in synapse number – will initiate synaptic scaling, which then slowly modifies synaptic strengths until firing rates are restored. The timescale over which perturbations in firing are sensed and integrated, and the speed of the resulting homeostatic compen ...
Gustatory Processing in Drosophila Higher Brain Centers By
... was not identified until much later. This gene is preferentially expressed in the dorsal paired medial (DPM) neurons (Waddell et al., 2000), which have been shown to play an important role in memory consolidation. These genetic studies, and many others like them, have produced profound insights into ...
... was not identified until much later. This gene is preferentially expressed in the dorsal paired medial (DPM) neurons (Waddell et al., 2000), which have been shown to play an important role in memory consolidation. These genetic studies, and many others like them, have produced profound insights into ...
Pierre Berthet Computational Modeling of the Basal Ganglia – Functional Pathways
... very large number of interdependent dynamical systems, at different levels. It is suggested that the evolutionary reason for the brain is to produce adaptable and complex movements. The human brain, and its disproportionally large neocortex, seems to be capable of much more, but some argue that it a ...
... very large number of interdependent dynamical systems, at different levels. It is suggested that the evolutionary reason for the brain is to produce adaptable and complex movements. The human brain, and its disproportionally large neocortex, seems to be capable of much more, but some argue that it a ...
Psychosocial Stress in Rats: Animal Model of PTSD Based on
... Whereas clinical research is vital for the implementation of novel treatments, animal models of PTSD provide a crucial complementary component to this process. In addition to their key role in establishing the safety and initial efficacy of novel therapeutic compounds, animal models are valuable in t ...
... Whereas clinical research is vital for the implementation of novel treatments, animal models of PTSD provide a crucial complementary component to this process. In addition to their key role in establishing the safety and initial efficacy of novel therapeutic compounds, animal models are valuable in t ...
Peptides that regulate food intake: orexin gene expression is increased during states of hypertriglyceridemia
... cells/mm2). The hypothalamic areas examined were the PF and the LH (bregma ⫺2.8 to ⫺3.6 mm). To obtain a total of six separate readings per subject at a given level, the density of cells in three to four sections at the same level was routinely analyzed, with a fourth section read if an area was unr ...
... cells/mm2). The hypothalamic areas examined were the PF and the LH (bregma ⫺2.8 to ⫺3.6 mm). To obtain a total of six separate readings per subject at a given level, the density of cells in three to four sections at the same level was routinely analyzed, with a fourth section read if an area was unr ...
Limbic structures, emotion, and memory
... Tier 2 is that any learning in Tier 2 of the value of an object or face seen in one location on the retina, size, and view will generalize to other views etc. In rodents, there is no such clear separation of “what” from “value” representations. For example, in the taste system, satiety influences tas ...
... Tier 2 is that any learning in Tier 2 of the value of an object or face seen in one location on the retina, size, and view will generalize to other views etc. In rodents, there is no such clear separation of “what” from “value” representations. For example, in the taste system, satiety influences tas ...
Hindbrain Glucoprivation Effects on Gastric Vagal Reflex Circuits
... responding to vagal afferent distension information. Although the astrocytic metabolic blocker (FC) alone has no effect on NST neuron responsiveness, FC blunts the 2DG effect. Right panels, These DMN neurons are reflexly inhibited by NST neurons as can be readily observed from their response to the ...
... responding to vagal afferent distension information. Although the astrocytic metabolic blocker (FC) alone has no effect on NST neuron responsiveness, FC blunts the 2DG effect. Right panels, These DMN neurons are reflexly inhibited by NST neurons as can be readily observed from their response to the ...
View/Open - DukeSpace
... had to look away from it. The conflict was between the stimulus location and the required saccadic endpoint. SEF neurons had significantly higher activity in such ‘antisaccade’ trials than in control trials in which they were allowed to look toward the stimulus (Figure 4(a)). In addition, this antis ...
... had to look away from it. The conflict was between the stimulus location and the required saccadic endpoint. SEF neurons had significantly higher activity in such ‘antisaccade’ trials than in control trials in which they were allowed to look toward the stimulus (Figure 4(a)). In addition, this antis ...
Modulation of Inhibitory Synaptic Potentials in the Piriform Cortex
... on inhibitory synaptic potentials induced by stimulation of afferent fibers in layer Ia and association/intrinsic fibers in layer Ib. A simple model of piriform cortex as an associative memory was used to analyze how suppression of inhibitory synaptic transmission influenced performance of the netwo ...
... on inhibitory synaptic potentials induced by stimulation of afferent fibers in layer Ia and association/intrinsic fibers in layer Ib. A simple model of piriform cortex as an associative memory was used to analyze how suppression of inhibitory synaptic transmission influenced performance of the netwo ...
Martin, Neuroscientist 2005
... The corticospinal system connects the frontal and anterior parietal lobes with the spinal gray matter. Early in development, corticospinal neurons are distributed throughout much of the frontal and parietal lobes, and parts of the occipital and temporal lobes, but their distribution is later restric ...
... The corticospinal system connects the frontal and anterior parietal lobes with the spinal gray matter. Early in development, corticospinal neurons are distributed throughout much of the frontal and parietal lobes, and parts of the occipital and temporal lobes, but their distribution is later restric ...
A Critical Review of Secondary Neurodegeneration
... Another approach used to study accumulation of amyloid-β in non-invasive imaging studies is the Pittsburgh compound B (PiB). [11C]PiB (PiB is labelled with radioactive carbon 11) is injected intravenously and is then used in combination with positron emission tomography (PET) to detect cerebral amyl ...
... Another approach used to study accumulation of amyloid-β in non-invasive imaging studies is the Pittsburgh compound B (PiB). [11C]PiB (PiB is labelled with radioactive carbon 11) is injected intravenously and is then used in combination with positron emission tomography (PET) to detect cerebral amyl ...
Amygdala Modulation of Cerebellar Learning
... For all experiments, rats were anesthetized with 2–3% isoflurane and administered an analgesic subcutaneously (Ketofen, 5 mg/kg). All stereotaxic coordinates are relative to bregma. For amygdala infusion and pressure injection surgeries, the coordinates used were as follows: anteroposterior, ⫺2.4 mm ...
... For all experiments, rats were anesthetized with 2–3% isoflurane and administered an analgesic subcutaneously (Ketofen, 5 mg/kg). All stereotaxic coordinates are relative to bregma. For amygdala infusion and pressure injection surgeries, the coordinates used were as follows: anteroposterior, ⫺2.4 mm ...