New Roles for the External Globus Pallidus in Basal Ganglia Circuits
... Studies in rodents are also providing insights into the organization of GPe circuits at the neuronal level. Developmental studies have established that most GPe neurons (⬎70%) are derived from the Nkx2-1 lineage of the medial ganglionic eminence, whereas almost all of the remainder (⬃25%) originate ...
... Studies in rodents are also providing insights into the organization of GPe circuits at the neuronal level. Developmental studies have established that most GPe neurons (⬎70%) are derived from the Nkx2-1 lineage of the medial ganglionic eminence, whereas almost all of the remainder (⬃25%) originate ...
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex: A Bottom-Up View
... on April 18, 2016. (Changes may still occur before final publication online and in print.) ...
... on April 18, 2016. (Changes may still occur before final publication online and in print.) ...
Immunohistochemical Analysis of Trk Receptor Activation in Epilepsy
... How might one measure trk receptor activation? Trk proteins are transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) homologous to other RTKs such as the EGF receptor and insulin receptor family [4, 94]. Signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases is known to involve ligandinduced receptor dimerization and dim ...
... How might one measure trk receptor activation? Trk proteins are transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) homologous to other RTKs such as the EGF receptor and insulin receptor family [4, 94]. Signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases is known to involve ligandinduced receptor dimerization and dim ...
Separate neural pathways process different decision costs
... Given the results of experiment 1, which showed that providing further postsurgical experience of both options could ameliorate a decision-making deficit, we ran a second experiment (experiment 2.2) in which an identical 30-cm barrier was placed in the LRA. This meant that both the HRA and LRA conta ...
... Given the results of experiment 1, which showed that providing further postsurgical experience of both options could ameliorate a decision-making deficit, we ran a second experiment (experiment 2.2) in which an identical 30-cm barrier was placed in the LRA. This meant that both the HRA and LRA conta ...
REPRESENTATION OF CENTRAL VISUAL FIELDS IN
... Discrete lesions were made in the primary visual cortex of 8 monkey hemispheres. None of these lesions involved white matter. In some monkeys the cortical lesion was fairly superficial, involving layers 1-4, whereas in others the lesions were slightly deeper, involving all 6 layers. There did not ap ...
... Discrete lesions were made in the primary visual cortex of 8 monkey hemispheres. None of these lesions involved white matter. In some monkeys the cortical lesion was fairly superficial, involving layers 1-4, whereas in others the lesions were slightly deeper, involving all 6 layers. There did not ap ...
THE REGULATION OF SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS BY THE
... to narcolepsy. Additionally, it has been reported that the number of orexin neurons is greatly reduced and that orexin peptide levels are decreased to undetectable levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of narcoleptic patients4-6). Orexin/ataxin-3 mice are a well-studied model for narcolepsy; however, or ...
... to narcolepsy. Additionally, it has been reported that the number of orexin neurons is greatly reduced and that orexin peptide levels are decreased to undetectable levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of narcoleptic patients4-6). Orexin/ataxin-3 mice are a well-studied model for narcolepsy; however, or ...
Rewardcircuit - URMC - University of Rochester
... types of rewards can recruit prefrontal cortical activity. These findings generally suggest that exposure to both primary rewards (eg, pleasant tastes, sounds, and sights) and secondary rewards (eg, monetary gains) increases activity in regions of frontal cortex in general and the vmPFC in particula ...
... types of rewards can recruit prefrontal cortical activity. These findings generally suggest that exposure to both primary rewards (eg, pleasant tastes, sounds, and sights) and secondary rewards (eg, monetary gains) increases activity in regions of frontal cortex in general and the vmPFC in particula ...
Dynamics and Synchronization of Motifs of Neuronal Populations in the Presence
... cortex (striate), up to extrastriate cortical cells. In the first layer, the receptive field of a photoreceptor neuron corresponds to the region in which light alters the firing response of that cell. For the ganglion cells in the retina, the receptive field encompasses the sensitive areas of their ...
... cortex (striate), up to extrastriate cortical cells. In the first layer, the receptive field of a photoreceptor neuron corresponds to the region in which light alters the firing response of that cell. For the ganglion cells in the retina, the receptive field encompasses the sensitive areas of their ...
Segregated cholinergic transmission in the ventral tegmental area
... the post hoc histological identification of the recorded neurons, we classified them as DA (TH+; n = 60) or non-DA (TH-; n = 36) (Fig. 1f, 1g, 2f and 2g). The firing rate and pattern of each neuron during the light stimulation was compared to their firing characteristics during the preceding baseli ...
... the post hoc histological identification of the recorded neurons, we classified them as DA (TH+; n = 60) or non-DA (TH-; n = 36) (Fig. 1f, 1g, 2f and 2g). The firing rate and pattern of each neuron during the light stimulation was compared to their firing characteristics during the preceding baseli ...
Reticular Formation
... Reticular Activating System Relatively non-specific Sensory modalities are merged in a polysynaptic pathway Only provides a vague awareness of any particular sensory modality Results in cortical stimulation with profound effects on: levels of Consciousness and Alerting reactions to sensory s ...
... Reticular Activating System Relatively non-specific Sensory modalities are merged in a polysynaptic pathway Only provides a vague awareness of any particular sensory modality Results in cortical stimulation with profound effects on: levels of Consciousness and Alerting reactions to sensory s ...
Clarke`s column neurons as the focus of a corticospinal corollary circuit
... involved in internal motor predictions15,16, although the local circuitry underlying convergence in these regions is obscure. ...
... involved in internal motor predictions15,16, although the local circuitry underlying convergence in these regions is obscure. ...
PDF - Journal of Neuroscience
... mecamylamine, and immediately put back into their cage. Withdrawal signs were recorded by an experimenter blind to treatment and genotype, for 20 min (nicotine in osmotic minipump) or 10 min (nicotine in drinking water). A pilot study conducted on drug-naive C57BL/6J mice indicated that 3 mg/Kg of m ...
... mecamylamine, and immediately put back into their cage. Withdrawal signs were recorded by an experimenter blind to treatment and genotype, for 20 min (nicotine in osmotic minipump) or 10 min (nicotine in drinking water). A pilot study conducted on drug-naive C57BL/6J mice indicated that 3 mg/Kg of m ...
Single Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Neurons Form Widely Spread
... covered 0.45–5.7% (mean ⫾ SD ⫽ 2.7 ⫾ 1.5%) of the total volume of the neostriatum. Furthermore, all the dopaminergic neurons innervated both striosome and matrix compartments of the neostriatum, although each neuron’s arborization tended to favor one of these compartments. Our findings demonstrate t ...
... covered 0.45–5.7% (mean ⫾ SD ⫽ 2.7 ⫾ 1.5%) of the total volume of the neostriatum. Furthermore, all the dopaminergic neurons innervated both striosome and matrix compartments of the neostriatum, although each neuron’s arborization tended to favor one of these compartments. Our findings demonstrate t ...
Are there differences between the secretion characteristics of NGF
... brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) from hippocampal cultures was dependent on extracellular calcium. Mowla et al. [(1997) Proc 27th Annu Meet Soc Neurosci New Orleans 875.10] reported on even further-reaching differences between NGF and BDNF secretion, namely, that in hippocampal neurons and i ...
... brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) from hippocampal cultures was dependent on extracellular calcium. Mowla et al. [(1997) Proc 27th Annu Meet Soc Neurosci New Orleans 875.10] reported on even further-reaching differences between NGF and BDNF secretion, namely, that in hippocampal neurons and i ...
Downloadable Full Text - DSpace@MIT
... they are the primary source of DA in target structures such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), which play important roles in a broad range of motivated behaviors and neuropsychiatric disorders1-3. Although DA neuron activity often correlates with a reward prediction ...
... they are the primary source of DA in target structures such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), which play important roles in a broad range of motivated behaviors and neuropsychiatric disorders1-3. Although DA neuron activity often correlates with a reward prediction ...
INDUCTION AND RECOVERY TIME COURSE OF RAT BRAIN
... the last drug treatment in frontal cortex and at 8 h post-treatment in hippocampus and cerebellum relative to the saline-treated group. In the frontal cortex, ANOVA was significant ( p ⬍ 0.05), and post hoc analysis indicated that CYP2E1 levels at 12 h were significantly different from those at 2, 4 ...
... the last drug treatment in frontal cortex and at 8 h post-treatment in hippocampus and cerebellum relative to the saline-treated group. In the frontal cortex, ANOVA was significant ( p ⬍ 0.05), and post hoc analysis indicated that CYP2E1 levels at 12 h were significantly different from those at 2, 4 ...
Rostral Fastigial Nucleus Activity in the Alert Monkey During Three
... different orientations 157 apart (including roll, pitch, vertical canal plane and intermediate planes). In addition, sinusoidal rotations around an earth-vertical axis (yaw stimulus) included different roll and pitch positions ( {107, {207 ). The latter positions were also used for static stimulatio ...
... different orientations 157 apart (including roll, pitch, vertical canal plane and intermediate planes). In addition, sinusoidal rotations around an earth-vertical axis (yaw stimulus) included different roll and pitch positions ( {107, {207 ). The latter positions were also used for static stimulatio ...
Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the control
... 2006) as well as in diverse functions including attention, rewardingdirected behavior and working memory, in accordance to its projection to the ExtA (for review: (Uylings et al., 2003). The PL/Cg sends 90% of the mPFC excitatory projections to the VTA. These synapses primarily connect to GABAergic ...
... 2006) as well as in diverse functions including attention, rewardingdirected behavior and working memory, in accordance to its projection to the ExtA (for review: (Uylings et al., 2003). The PL/Cg sends 90% of the mPFC excitatory projections to the VTA. These synapses primarily connect to GABAergic ...
Autometallographic Tracing of Bismuth in Human Brain Autopsies
... have been treated with drugs containing bismuth. Modern variants include a combination of bismuth salts and antibiotics (De-Nolt, Pyloridt) that are used to treat patients suffering from Helicobacter pylori-associated peptic ulcers. Bismuth compounds are used in a wide variety of products, including ...
... have been treated with drugs containing bismuth. Modern variants include a combination of bismuth salts and antibiotics (De-Nolt, Pyloridt) that are used to treat patients suffering from Helicobacter pylori-associated peptic ulcers. Bismuth compounds are used in a wide variety of products, including ...
Expression of the BDNF gene in the developing
... using PCR preceded by reverse transcription of the mRNA and of a standard identical with the endogenous mRNA in the sequence to be amplified with the exception of a mutated base, according to the method of Becker-André and Hahlbrock, 1989 (see also Fig. 1). The recovery standard was prepared accordi ...
... using PCR preceded by reverse transcription of the mRNA and of a standard identical with the endogenous mRNA in the sequence to be amplified with the exception of a mutated base, according to the method of Becker-André and Hahlbrock, 1989 (see also Fig. 1). The recovery standard was prepared accordi ...
Sleep/Neurology-The Orexin System
... HA, histamine; LC, locus coeruleus; LDT, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus; NA, ...
... HA, histamine; LC, locus coeruleus; LDT, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus; NA, ...
Co-activation of VTA DA and GABA neurons mediates nicotine
... Even within the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the key brain area responsible for the reinforcing properties of all drugs of abuse, nicotine acts on several different cell types and afferents. Identifying the precise action of nicotine on this microcircuit, in vivo, is important to understand reinfor ...
... Even within the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the key brain area responsible for the reinforcing properties of all drugs of abuse, nicotine acts on several different cell types and afferents. Identifying the precise action of nicotine on this microcircuit, in vivo, is important to understand reinfor ...
mechanisms and biological role of thalamocortical oscillations
... rhythms. Pathological oscillations within thalamocortical system take place in a form of electrographic seizures. Thus, the same neuronal network in different conditions generates diverse forms of oscillation. Each oscillation is generated by a particular set of intrinsic neuronal currents, synaptic ...
... rhythms. Pathological oscillations within thalamocortical system take place in a form of electrographic seizures. Thus, the same neuronal network in different conditions generates diverse forms of oscillation. Each oscillation is generated by a particular set of intrinsic neuronal currents, synaptic ...
Efficient Recruitment of Layer 2/3 Interneurons by Layer 4 Input in
... in the loose-patch mode for a given postsynaptic neuron. If a monosynaptic connection was not found after this extensive searching, the L2/3 interneuron was, however, processed for morphological reconstruction in most cases. Therefore, we report putative connection rates for the different types of i ...
... in the loose-patch mode for a given postsynaptic neuron. If a monosynaptic connection was not found after this extensive searching, the L2/3 interneuron was, however, processed for morphological reconstruction in most cases. Therefore, we report putative connection rates for the different types of i ...
Episodic memory, amnesia, and the hippocampal–anterior thalamic
... Markowitsch 1994), and biases can be introduced by the reliance on one particular research method. For these reasons we have tried, wherever possible, to present complementary data from an array of techniques and from more than one species. 2. Main features of the proposed model 1. The anatomical fo ...
... Markowitsch 1994), and biases can be introduced by the reliance on one particular research method. For these reasons we have tried, wherever possible, to present complementary data from an array of techniques and from more than one species. 2. Main features of the proposed model 1. The anatomical fo ...