The dorsal raphe nucleus—From silver stainings to a role in
... for visualizing serotonergic neurons in the DRN and elsewhere. A major drawback of the FIF-technique was that βcarboline is highly UV-sensitive, which led to rapid fading of the fluorescence. In addition, freeze-drying of the tissue compromised the level of obtainable morphological detail. The latte ...
... for visualizing serotonergic neurons in the DRN and elsewhere. A major drawback of the FIF-technique was that βcarboline is highly UV-sensitive, which led to rapid fading of the fluorescence. In addition, freeze-drying of the tissue compromised the level of obtainable morphological detail. The latte ...
Morphology of Thalamocortical Neurons Projecting
... or larger somata with multipolar shapes and four to eight primary dendrites. Samples of LY-filled,immunocytochemically stained SI-projecting neurons located in VPL are shown in Figure 2. Most SI-projecting neurons in VPI were medium-sized or small, and had four to eight primary dendrites (see Fig. 3 ...
... or larger somata with multipolar shapes and four to eight primary dendrites. Samples of LY-filled,immunocytochemically stained SI-projecting neurons located in VPL are shown in Figure 2. Most SI-projecting neurons in VPI were medium-sized or small, and had four to eight primary dendrites (see Fig. 3 ...
Glucose-sensing neurons: Are they physiologically relevant?
... dissociation between brain and plasma glucose levels in specific regions of the brain [29,31]. Regardless of the variability in exact measurement of extracellular glucose levels in the brain, it is clear that extracellular glucose levels of either 0 or 10 –20 mM are nonphysiologic. That is, brain ex ...
... dissociation between brain and plasma glucose levels in specific regions of the brain [29,31]. Regardless of the variability in exact measurement of extracellular glucose levels in the brain, it is clear that extracellular glucose levels of either 0 or 10 –20 mM are nonphysiologic. That is, brain ex ...
Cystatin C prevents degeneration of rat nigral dopaminergic neurons
... loss in the fetal mesencephalic cultures, an effect which could be partially reversed by treatment with cystatin C. Moreover, in vivo DA neurons survival study showed that administration of cystatin C in rats with 6OHDA-induced lesion partially rescued the nigral DA neurons. The results indicate tha ...
... loss in the fetal mesencephalic cultures, an effect which could be partially reversed by treatment with cystatin C. Moreover, in vivo DA neurons survival study showed that administration of cystatin C in rats with 6OHDA-induced lesion partially rescued the nigral DA neurons. The results indicate tha ...
Coincidence Detection or Temporal Integration?
... element of more than one trio. For example, if two electrodes were placed in both cortex and thalamus, an experiment in which a pair of neurons were recorded from each of the four electrodes would yield a total of 16 neuronal trios that were recorded simultaneously. Conventional cross-correlation an ...
... element of more than one trio. For example, if two electrodes were placed in both cortex and thalamus, an experiment in which a pair of neurons were recorded from each of the four electrodes would yield a total of 16 neuronal trios that were recorded simultaneously. Conventional cross-correlation an ...
- Columbia University Medical Center
... during the development of the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS)—a diversity essential to the formation of selective neuronal circuits. Soon after their generation, neurons of a particular class segregate from those of other classes—a process that is linked to their later patterns of connectivi ...
... during the development of the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS)—a diversity essential to the formation of selective neuronal circuits. Soon after their generation, neurons of a particular class segregate from those of other classes—a process that is linked to their later patterns of connectivi ...
Functional Properties of Corticotectal Neurons in the Monkey`s
... visuomovement or foveal. Their responses included postsaccadic, anticipatory, and reward-related activity, as well as activity modulated during certain directions of smooth-pursuit eye movements. One neuron was unresponsive during all of the behavioral tasks used. There were no corticotectal neurons ...
... visuomovement or foveal. Their responses included postsaccadic, anticipatory, and reward-related activity, as well as activity modulated during certain directions of smooth-pursuit eye movements. One neuron was unresponsive during all of the behavioral tasks used. There were no corticotectal neurons ...
Reverse pharmacology of orexin
... attenuated by the H1 antagonist, pyrilamine [35]. Furthermore, the effect of orexin-A on wakefulness in mice is almost completely absent in H1-receptor deficient mice [42]. Furthermore, OX 2 R knockout mice exhibit a narcoleptic phenotype, while OX 1 R knockout mice show only mild fragmentation of b ...
... attenuated by the H1 antagonist, pyrilamine [35]. Furthermore, the effect of orexin-A on wakefulness in mice is almost completely absent in H1-receptor deficient mice [42]. Furthermore, OX 2 R knockout mice exhibit a narcoleptic phenotype, while OX 1 R knockout mice show only mild fragmentation of b ...
Cerebral cortical hypoplasia with abnormal morphology of pyramidal
... scan time of 8 minutes. The cathode was made of tungsten (effective focal spot size =5 μm). The images of the object were reconstructed using a Feldkamp algorithm. Tomographic images were obtained using 3D ...
... scan time of 8 minutes. The cathode was made of tungsten (effective focal spot size =5 μm). The images of the object were reconstructed using a Feldkamp algorithm. Tomographic images were obtained using 3D ...
Bipolar Cell
... Connections between Eye and Brain • For this reason, the inner two layers are called the magnocellular layers, and the outer four layers are called the parvocellular layers (parvo- refers to the small size of the cells). • A third set of neurons in the koniocellular sublayers are found ventral to ea ...
... Connections between Eye and Brain • For this reason, the inner two layers are called the magnocellular layers, and the outer four layers are called the parvocellular layers (parvo- refers to the small size of the cells). • A third set of neurons in the koniocellular sublayers are found ventral to ea ...
The supramammillary area: its organization, functions
... control the frequency of the rhythmic phasic firing of hippocampal cells (theta activity) via a relay in the medial septum (MS). These two types of interaction with the hippocampus are functionally separate and anatomically distinct. But they are of such a kind (controlling general tone and controll ...
... control the frequency of the rhythmic phasic firing of hippocampal cells (theta activity) via a relay in the medial septum (MS). These two types of interaction with the hippocampus are functionally separate and anatomically distinct. But they are of such a kind (controlling general tone and controll ...
Increased Anxiety 3 Months after Brief Exposure to MDMA
... analysis showed that these rats had approximately 40–50% loss of 5-HT in cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and striatum (Gurtman et al, 2002). Recent work has also shown that MDMA causes longterm decreases in social interaction in Lister rats, but in the absence of significant depletion in brain 5-HT ( ...
... analysis showed that these rats had approximately 40–50% loss of 5-HT in cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and striatum (Gurtman et al, 2002). Recent work has also shown that MDMA causes longterm decreases in social interaction in Lister rats, but in the absence of significant depletion in brain 5-HT ( ...
Hikosaka O - lsr
... alterations in relation to pain, stress, anxiety, sleep, reward, and to cognitive and motor dysfunctions 11. Although many studies have been performed since the 1950s, the precise function of the habenula has remained obscure. Recently, however, the habenula has attracted a great deal of attention. ...
... alterations in relation to pain, stress, anxiety, sleep, reward, and to cognitive and motor dysfunctions 11. Although many studies have been performed since the 1950s, the precise function of the habenula has remained obscure. Recently, however, the habenula has attracted a great deal of attention. ...
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Transection Eliminates
... quinine-evoked FLI neurons and a shift in their spatial distribution such that their number and pattern were indiscernable from those observed in water-stimulated controls. Although CTX had no effect on the number of quinine-evoked FLI neurons within subfield 5 at intermediate levels of the gNST, it ...
... quinine-evoked FLI neurons and a shift in their spatial distribution such that their number and pattern were indiscernable from those observed in water-stimulated controls. Although CTX had no effect on the number of quinine-evoked FLI neurons within subfield 5 at intermediate levels of the gNST, it ...
Cerebral hemisphere regulation of motivated
... hypothalamus / rostral midbrain — the so-called subthalamic or hypothalamic locomotor region. A crude though nevertheless useful understanding of functional differentiation between these major levels of the locomotor hierarchy has been gained by transecting the neuraxis at different rostrocaudal lev ...
... hypothalamus / rostral midbrain — the so-called subthalamic or hypothalamic locomotor region. A crude though nevertheless useful understanding of functional differentiation between these major levels of the locomotor hierarchy has been gained by transecting the neuraxis at different rostrocaudal lev ...
Understanding Opioid Reward Howard L. Fields and Elyssa B
... dopamine neuron discharge rates in anesthetized rats. However, in awake, drug naïve rats, passive injection of heroin decreased putative dopamine neuron firing. The effects of self-administered heroin was similar; the firing rate of VTA neurons dropped immediately following each self-administration ...
... dopamine neuron discharge rates in anesthetized rats. However, in awake, drug naïve rats, passive injection of heroin decreased putative dopamine neuron firing. The effects of self-administered heroin was similar; the firing rate of VTA neurons dropped immediately following each self-administration ...
(2000). Cerebral hemisphere regulation of motivated behavior.
... hypothalamus / rostral midbrain — the so-called subthalamic or hypothalamic locomotor region. A crude though nevertheless useful understanding of functional differentiation between these major levels of the locomotor hierarchy has been gained by transecting the neuraxis at different rostrocaudal lev ...
... hypothalamus / rostral midbrain — the so-called subthalamic or hypothalamic locomotor region. A crude though nevertheless useful understanding of functional differentiation between these major levels of the locomotor hierarchy has been gained by transecting the neuraxis at different rostrocaudal lev ...
cellular mechanisms of classical and operant conditioning A model
... by CS test stimuli, which were delivered prior to training (pretest) and 1 or 24 h after training (post-test). At both time points after training, paired training produced a significant increase in the number of bites (post-test minus pre-test) as compared to unpaired training (Fig. 3). These data i ...
... by CS test stimuli, which were delivered prior to training (pretest) and 1 or 24 h after training (post-test). At both time points after training, paired training produced a significant increase in the number of bites (post-test minus pre-test) as compared to unpaired training (Fig. 3). These data i ...
Subregions of the human superior frontal gyrus and their connections
... (rsFC) can reveal functional correlation between every two regions by evaluating the temporal coherence of the low frequency blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signals. The combination of these methods will simultaneously show both the anatomical and functional connection patterns of a brain area, ...
... (rsFC) can reveal functional correlation between every two regions by evaluating the temporal coherence of the low frequency blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signals. The combination of these methods will simultaneously show both the anatomical and functional connection patterns of a brain area, ...
Selective Loss of Calcitonin Gene–Related Peptide
... To evaluate the possible role of neuropeptide immunoreactive primary sensory neurons on the development of nociceptive dysfunction in diabetes, the absolute numbers of immunoreactive substance P and calcitonin gene–related peptide (CGRP) dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cell bodies were estimated in diabe ...
... To evaluate the possible role of neuropeptide immunoreactive primary sensory neurons on the development of nociceptive dysfunction in diabetes, the absolute numbers of immunoreactive substance P and calcitonin gene–related peptide (CGRP) dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cell bodies were estimated in diabe ...
Anatomy of Olivocochlear Neurons
... Both groups of OC neurons have fibers that branch extensively in the cochlea (Fig. 2.3). The end result of the branching is that a relatively small number of OC neurons gives rise to numerous synapses in the cochlea. LOC fibers synapse mainly on dendrites of auditory nerve fibers beneath IHCs. In th ...
... Both groups of OC neurons have fibers that branch extensively in the cochlea (Fig. 2.3). The end result of the branching is that a relatively small number of OC neurons gives rise to numerous synapses in the cochlea. LOC fibers synapse mainly on dendrites of auditory nerve fibers beneath IHCs. In th ...
CNS 424 Block Educational Framework (Week 1)
... Understand the causes of dysarthria, dysphonia and explain the different types of aphasia Define meningitis, myelitis, and encephalitis. Enlist the most common causative agents of meningitis. Identify the routes of pathogens entry to invade central nervous system. Discuss the tropism of nervous syst ...
... Understand the causes of dysarthria, dysphonia and explain the different types of aphasia Define meningitis, myelitis, and encephalitis. Enlist the most common causative agents of meningitis. Identify the routes of pathogens entry to invade central nervous system. Discuss the tropism of nervous syst ...
Pyramidal neurons: dendritic structure and synaptic integration
... considerable differences between the pyramidal neurons shown. Layer V pyramidal neurons have longer apical dendrites and fewer oblique apical dendrites than layer II/III pyramidal neurons. The apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons branch closer to the soma than those of CA1 pyramidal ...
... considerable differences between the pyramidal neurons shown. Layer V pyramidal neurons have longer apical dendrites and fewer oblique apical dendrites than layer II/III pyramidal neurons. The apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons branch closer to the soma than those of CA1 pyramidal ...
mGluR-dependent persistent firing in entorhinal cortex layer III neurons SYNAPTIC MECHANISMS Motoharu Yoshida,
... Persistent firing is believed to be a crucial mechanism for memory function including working memory. Recent in vivo and in vitro findings suggest an involvement of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in persistent firing. Using whole-cell patch-recording techniques in a rat entorhinal cortex ...
... Persistent firing is believed to be a crucial mechanism for memory function including working memory. Recent in vivo and in vitro findings suggest an involvement of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in persistent firing. Using whole-cell patch-recording techniques in a rat entorhinal cortex ...
Neurobiological Mechanisms of the Placebo Effect
... In another recent study, some of the circumstances in which expectation and conditioning are involved have been suggested. In this study (Benedetti et al., 2003), the effects of opposing verbal suggestions on experimental ischemic arm pain in healthy volunteers and on motor performance in parkinsoni ...
... In another recent study, some of the circumstances in which expectation and conditioning are involved have been suggested. In this study (Benedetti et al., 2003), the effects of opposing verbal suggestions on experimental ischemic arm pain in healthy volunteers and on motor performance in parkinsoni ...