UNFCCC First Ten Years
... there can still be sanctions for non-compliance. As well as using fiscal and financial measures, some governments have also introduced national systems to allow companies to trade emissions allowances. Local governments, cities and municipalities often have their own climate change programmes. Many ...
... there can still be sanctions for non-compliance. As well as using fiscal and financial measures, some governments have also introduced national systems to allow companies to trade emissions allowances. Local governments, cities and municipalities often have their own climate change programmes. Many ...
PBL rapport 500114012 Meeting the 2 degrees Celsius target
... International climate policy-making has entered a crucial phase. Over the last years, it has become clear that climate change may lead to severe impacts. In response, policymakers have expressed interest in a goal to avoid an increase in global mean temperature of more than 2 °C, as a means for oper ...
... International climate policy-making has entered a crucial phase. Over the last years, it has become clear that climate change may lead to severe impacts. In response, policymakers have expressed interest in a goal to avoid an increase in global mean temperature of more than 2 °C, as a means for oper ...
Taxing Carbon as an Instrument of Green Industrial Policy in
... externalise many environmental costs. As a consequence, individuals and firms do not factor such costs into their economic decisions, but pass them on to society as a whole. Governments need to take measures to internalise environmental costs, that is, to ensure they are included in market prices. S ...
... externalise many environmental costs. As a consequence, individuals and firms do not factor such costs into their economic decisions, but pass them on to society as a whole. Governments need to take measures to internalise environmental costs, that is, to ensure they are included in market prices. S ...
Why Maintaining Tropical Forests Is Essential and Urgent for a Stable Climate
... commitments are estimated to lower emissions by only 3–7 Gt CO2eq / year, leaving an ‘emissions gap’ in 2020 of 8–12 Gt CO2eq / year for a 2 °C target (assuming least-cost scenarios) and 2–5 Gt CO2eq / year more with a more strict 1.5 °C target that some groups of countries are calling for (UNEP 201 ...
... commitments are estimated to lower emissions by only 3–7 Gt CO2eq / year, leaving an ‘emissions gap’ in 2020 of 8–12 Gt CO2eq / year for a 2 °C target (assuming least-cost scenarios) and 2–5 Gt CO2eq / year more with a more strict 1.5 °C target that some groups of countries are calling for (UNEP 201 ...
Module: Introduction
... The Board of Directors of the Company has overall responsibility for the oversight of risk management at Ford. Day-to-day risk management is the responsibility of management, which has implemented risk management processes to identify, manage and monitor risks that face the Company. The oversight re ...
... The Board of Directors of the Company has overall responsibility for the oversight of risk management at Ford. Day-to-day risk management is the responsibility of management, which has implemented risk management processes to identify, manage and monitor risks that face the Company. The oversight re ...
Transportation Cost Analysis - Air Pollution Costs
... Other Resources ............................................................................................... 29 ...
... Other Resources ............................................................................................... 29 ...
Increased soil emissions of potent greenhouse gases under
... soil carbon input and soil carbon storage, terrestrial ecosystems could help to reduce the increase in atmospheric CO2 and thereby slow climate change7. However, the radiative forcing of land ecosystems is not determined by their uptake and release of CO2 alone; increased CO2 can also alter soil emi ...
... soil carbon input and soil carbon storage, terrestrial ecosystems could help to reduce the increase in atmospheric CO2 and thereby slow climate change7. However, the radiative forcing of land ecosystems is not determined by their uptake and release of CO2 alone; increased CO2 can also alter soil emi ...
Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol
... 1 tCO2 emitted in India = 1 tCO2 emitted in USA. > Rising levels of greenhouse gases are already changing the climate. > Climate models predict the global temperature will rise by about 1,4 to 5,8 degrees by 2100. > Climate change is likely to have a significant impact on the global environment, eco ...
... 1 tCO2 emitted in India = 1 tCO2 emitted in USA. > Rising levels of greenhouse gases are already changing the climate. > Climate models predict the global temperature will rise by about 1,4 to 5,8 degrees by 2100. > Climate change is likely to have a significant impact on the global environment, eco ...
PDF
... weighting in these indexes, where the large amount of companies in the MSCI World absorbs higher concentration of carbon exposure. In the lead up to COP 21 in December 2015 Paris, several companies and investors are looking for ways to internalize the costs of carbon into their business practices. S ...
... weighting in these indexes, where the large amount of companies in the MSCI World absorbs higher concentration of carbon exposure. In the lead up to COP 21 in December 2015 Paris, several companies and investors are looking for ways to internalize the costs of carbon into their business practices. S ...
Warming the world : economic models of global
... “God does not play dice with the universe,” was Albert Einstein’s reaction to quantum mechanics. Yet humanity is playing dice with the natural environment through a multitude of interventions: emitting into the atmosphere trace gases like carbon dioxide that promise to change the global climate, add ...
... “God does not play dice with the universe,” was Albert Einstein’s reaction to quantum mechanics. Yet humanity is playing dice with the natural environment through a multitude of interventions: emitting into the atmosphere trace gases like carbon dioxide that promise to change the global climate, add ...
Rechtspraak.nl - Print uitspraak
... “This ‘best estimate’ assumption shows that the most stringent (category I) scenarios could limit global mean temperature increases to 2°C–2.4°C above pre-industrial levels, at equilibrium, requiring emissions to peak within 10 years. Similarly, limiting temperature increases to 2°C above preindustr ...
... “This ‘best estimate’ assumption shows that the most stringent (category I) scenarios could limit global mean temperature increases to 2°C–2.4°C above pre-industrial levels, at equilibrium, requiring emissions to peak within 10 years. Similarly, limiting temperature increases to 2°C above preindustr ...
argue - DLR ELIB
... Nevertheless, as will become clear in this assessment, there is no single perfect metric. The methodological framework for metrics requires simplifications to complex atmospheric and climatic processes to be made, as well as value-laden decisions on, for example, the timescales that are to be conside ...
... Nevertheless, as will become clear in this assessment, there is no single perfect metric. The methodological framework for metrics requires simplifications to complex atmospheric and climatic processes to be made, as well as value-laden decisions on, for example, the timescales that are to be conside ...
Climate Change Act 2017
... associated with communicable disease, food, water or the environment; and (b) the services and assets which provide human physical and mental health care, social support and assistance; instrument has the same meaning as in the Transfer of Land Act 1958; interim emissions reduction target means a gr ...
... associated with communicable disease, food, water or the environment; and (b) the services and assets which provide human physical and mental health care, social support and assistance; instrument has the same meaning as in the Transfer of Land Act 1958; interim emissions reduction target means a gr ...
Direct carbon dioxide emissions from civil aircraft
... Growth in passenger traffic since 1970, in terms of Revenue-Passenger-Kilometres (RPKs), is also shown in Figure 1. More recently, the International Transport Forum (ITF) at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) report that from 1999 to 2008 scheduled passenger air-travel ...
... Growth in passenger traffic since 1970, in terms of Revenue-Passenger-Kilometres (RPKs), is also shown in Figure 1. More recently, the International Transport Forum (ITF) at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) report that from 1999 to 2008 scheduled passenger air-travel ...
Climate Change Act 2017 - Victorian Legislation and Parliamentary
... associated with communicable disease, food, water or the environment; and (b) the services and assets which provide human physical and mental health care, social support and assistance; instrument has the same meaning as in the Transfer of Land Act 1958; interim emissions reduction target means a gr ...
... associated with communicable disease, food, water or the environment; and (b) the services and assets which provide human physical and mental health care, social support and assistance; instrument has the same meaning as in the Transfer of Land Act 1958; interim emissions reduction target means a gr ...
The Contours of Cap and Trade: The Evolution of Emissions Trading
... institutional dimensions. This descriptive exercise reveals interesting patterns in the evolution and use of cap and trade and areas of contestation that have characterized cap and trade politics throughout the period, demonstrating that current debates are both a continuation of and a break from th ...
... institutional dimensions. This descriptive exercise reveals interesting patterns in the evolution and use of cap and trade and areas of contestation that have characterized cap and trade politics throughout the period, demonstrating that current debates are both a continuation of and a break from th ...
Fourth Carbon Budget Review – part 1
... • EU pathways. EU developments have been consistent with the assumptions underpinning the fourth carbon budget. While there is not yet an agreed path for EU emissions in the 2020s, the budget is broadly consistent with the EC analysis of cost-effective emissions pathways, and is at the low end of a ...
... • EU pathways. EU developments have been consistent with the assumptions underpinning the fourth carbon budget. While there is not yet an agreed path for EU emissions in the 2020s, the budget is broadly consistent with the EC analysis of cost-effective emissions pathways, and is at the low end of a ...
Transient Earth system responses to cumulative
... nomic factors. Second, limitations in our process understanding likely lead to differences between the simulated response to emissions and the response of the actual system the model is intended to describe. This constitutes an additional uncertainty, termed the model or response uncertainty. Well-d ...
... nomic factors. Second, limitations in our process understanding likely lead to differences between the simulated response to emissions and the response of the actual system the model is intended to describe. This constitutes an additional uncertainty, termed the model or response uncertainty. Well-d ...
US Climate Change Policy Under President Clinton
... the deficit and promote environmentally responsible behavior. In the battle over Clinton's proposed budget,14 the proposal to enact a BTU tax failed to gain enough support and was replaced with a raise in the gasoline tax by 4.3 cents per gallon. 15 Lesson learned: a broad-based carbon or energy tax ...
... the deficit and promote environmentally responsible behavior. In the battle over Clinton's proposed budget,14 the proposal to enact a BTU tax failed to gain enough support and was replaced with a raise in the gasoline tax by 4.3 cents per gallon. 15 Lesson learned: a broad-based carbon or energy tax ...
Trading of Carbon Credits Policy
... Policy 2009 – 2030 that are intended to support the achievement of the goals of the National Energy Policy which calls for the development of the energy sector, with specific emphasis on renewables, new and alternative fuels, biofuels and energy-from-waste. This Carbon Credits Trading Policy will gu ...
... Policy 2009 – 2030 that are intended to support the achievement of the goals of the National Energy Policy which calls for the development of the energy sector, with specific emphasis on renewables, new and alternative fuels, biofuels and energy-from-waste. This Carbon Credits Trading Policy will gu ...
Alberta Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program
... 1.1 Specified Gas Reporting Program Requirements The Alberta Specified Gas Reporting Program requires that all large Alberta facilities emitting 50 kilotonnes (kt) or more of greenhouse gases in carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 e) units per year - based on the sum of direct emissions of carbon dioxide ...
... 1.1 Specified Gas Reporting Program Requirements The Alberta Specified Gas Reporting Program requires that all large Alberta facilities emitting 50 kilotonnes (kt) or more of greenhouse gases in carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 e) units per year - based on the sum of direct emissions of carbon dioxide ...
UC Santa Barbara (pdf)
... The University will pursue the goal of reducing GHG emissions to 2000 levels by 2014. ...
... The University will pursue the goal of reducing GHG emissions to 2000 levels by 2014. ...
Process-based modelling of biogenic monoterpene emissions
... although it is not clear whether the observed seasonal variation is related to the dynamics of the monoterpene storage or to the rate of production. On a global scale such changes are ignored, and the temperature-dependent algorithm was used for annual emission estimates so far (e.g. Naik et al., 20 ...
... although it is not clear whether the observed seasonal variation is related to the dynamics of the monoterpene storage or to the rate of production. On a global scale such changes are ignored, and the temperature-dependent algorithm was used for annual emission estimates so far (e.g. Naik et al., 20 ...
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
... 36.41 percent of the Bay Area’s 95.8 million tons of GHG emissions in 2007. Industrial and commercial sources were the second largest contributors of GHG emissions with about 36.40 percent of total emissions. Domestic sources (e.g., home water heaters, furnaces, etc.) account for about 7 percent of ...
... 36.41 percent of the Bay Area’s 95.8 million tons of GHG emissions in 2007. Industrial and commercial sources were the second largest contributors of GHG emissions with about 36.40 percent of total emissions. Domestic sources (e.g., home water heaters, furnaces, etc.) account for about 7 percent of ...
COMMENTS OF CALIFORNIA ATTORNEY EDMUND G. BROWN
... through 1990 at $22.2 trillion and the total compliance costs over the same years at $0.5 trillion. EPA correctly concluded that “[t]he resulting net monetary benefits of $21.7 trillion make the CAA one of the most cost effective regulatory programs in American history.”3 The ANPR represents a very ...
... through 1990 at $22.2 trillion and the total compliance costs over the same years at $0.5 trillion. EPA correctly concluded that “[t]he resulting net monetary benefits of $21.7 trillion make the CAA one of the most cost effective regulatory programs in American history.”3 The ANPR represents a very ...
Emissions trading
Emissions trading or cap and trade (""cap"" meaning a legal limit on the quantity of a certain type of chemical an economy can emit each year) is a market-based approach used to control pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants. Various countries, groups of companies, and states have adopted emission trading systems as one of the strategies for mitigating climate-change by addressing international greenhouse-gas emission.A central authority (usually a governmental body) sets a limit or cap on the amount of a pollutant that may be emitted. The limit or cap is allocated and/or sold by the central authority to firms in the form of emissions permits which represent the right to emit or discharge a specific volume of the specified pollutant. Permits (and possibly also derivatives of permits) can then be traded on secondary markets. For example, the EU ETS trades primarily in European Union Allowances (EUAs), the Californian scheme in California Carbon Allowances, the New Zealand scheme in New Zealand Units and the Australian scheme in Australian Units. Firms are required to hold a number of permits (or allowances or carbon credits) equivalent to their emissions. The total number of permits cannot exceed the cap, limiting total emissions to that level. Firms that need to increase their volume of emissions must buy permits from those who require fewer permits.The transfer of permits is referred to as a ""trade"". In effect, the buyer is paying a charge for polluting, while the seller gains a reward for having reduced emissions. Thus, in theory, those who can reduce emissions most cheaply will do so, achieving the pollution reduction at the lowest cost to society.There are active trading programs in several air pollutants. For greenhouse gases the largest is the European Union Emission Trading Scheme, whose purpose is to avoid dangerous climate change. Cap and trade provides the private sector with the flexibility required to reduce emissions while stimulating technological innovation and economic growth. The United States has a national market to reduce acid rain and several regional markets in nitrogen oxides.