The Climate and Development Challenge for Latin America
... Activity costs for land-use (or AFOLU) pathways..................................................................90 ZNDD 2020/ZNLU 2030 + (plus) pathway................................................................................93 Agricultural emissions and the AFOLU+ pathway.................... ...
... Activity costs for land-use (or AFOLU) pathways..................................................................90 ZNDD 2020/ZNLU 2030 + (plus) pathway................................................................................93 Agricultural emissions and the AFOLU+ pathway.................... ...
UK Climate Change Programme 2006
... gas, have led to increases in our carbon dioxide emissions in recent years. As a result, achieving our domestic target has become more challenging since our last Climate Change Programme in 2000. We have therefore used this Review to assess both the impact of existing policies and the potential cont ...
... gas, have led to increases in our carbon dioxide emissions in recent years. As a result, achieving our domestic target has become more challenging since our last Climate Change Programme in 2000. We have therefore used this Review to assess both the impact of existing policies and the potential cont ...
Climate Change The UK Programme 2006
... gas, have led to increases in our carbon dioxide emissions in recent years. As a result, achieving our domestic target has become more challenging since our last Climate Change Programme in 2000. We have therefore used this Review to assess both the impact of existing policies and the potential cont ...
... gas, have led to increases in our carbon dioxide emissions in recent years. As a result, achieving our domestic target has become more challenging since our last Climate Change Programme in 2000. We have therefore used this Review to assess both the impact of existing policies and the potential cont ...
Greenhouse Gas Progress Report 2016 - Name
... carbon pricing. The government will put the proceeds from its quarterly cap and trade allowance auctions into a Greenhouse Gas Reduction Account (GGRA) that it controls. Its justification: it needs the money to drive emissions reductions that would not otherwise occur. The ECO agrees that putting a ...
... carbon pricing. The government will put the proceeds from its quarterly cap and trade allowance auctions into a Greenhouse Gas Reduction Account (GGRA) that it controls. Its justification: it needs the money to drive emissions reductions that would not otherwise occur. The ECO agrees that putting a ...
Norway`s Fifth National Communication under the Framework
... Protocol and the scientific understanding of the greenhouse effect set out in the reports from IPCC. Climate change and emissions of greenhouse gases have been a concern of Norwegian policy since the late 1980s. Most sources of greenhouse gas emissions are currently addressed through economic measur ...
... Protocol and the scientific understanding of the greenhouse effect set out in the reports from IPCC. Climate change and emissions of greenhouse gases have been a concern of Norwegian policy since the late 1980s. Most sources of greenhouse gas emissions are currently addressed through economic measur ...
Greenhouse Gas Progress Report 2016
... carbon pricing. The government will put the proceeds from its quarterly cap and trade allowance auctions into a Greenhouse Gas Reduction Account (GGRA) that it controls. Its justification: it needs the money to drive emissions reductions that would not otherwise occur. The ECO agrees that putting a ...
... carbon pricing. The government will put the proceeds from its quarterly cap and trade allowance auctions into a Greenhouse Gas Reduction Account (GGRA) that it controls. Its justification: it needs the money to drive emissions reductions that would not otherwise occur. The ECO agrees that putting a ...
Land Use and Driving - Urban Land Institute
... Climate change is one of the most important and complex long-term challenges ever faced by communities around the world. ULI’s engagement in research and dialogue about climate change is part of a broader groundswell of inquiry that is revisiting the underlying assumptions around what we build, whe ...
... Climate change is one of the most important and complex long-term challenges ever faced by communities around the world. ULI’s engagement in research and dialogue about climate change is part of a broader groundswell of inquiry that is revisiting the underlying assumptions around what we build, whe ...
TEM simulated monthly net methane emissions
... Eurasia from 1971 to 2100. Multiple model simulations using various wetland extent datasets and climate change scenarios were conducted to assess the uncertainty of CH4 fluxes, including emissions and consumption. On the basis of these simulations we estimate the current net emissions in the region ...
... Eurasia from 1971 to 2100. Multiple model simulations using various wetland extent datasets and climate change scenarios were conducted to assess the uncertainty of CH4 fluxes, including emissions and consumption. On the basis of these simulations we estimate the current net emissions in the region ...
full report - Royal Society of New Zealand
... droughts, scrub and forest fires causing damage to the environment and people’s livelihoods. The good news is that there are many opportunities to limit climate change by reducing our greenhouse gas emissions, the main cause of climate change or global warming as it is often called. New Zealand can ...
... droughts, scrub and forest fires causing damage to the environment and people’s livelihoods. The good news is that there are many opportunities to limit climate change by reducing our greenhouse gas emissions, the main cause of climate change or global warming as it is often called. New Zealand can ...
REDD and the effort to limit global warming to 2°C
... model framework, developing countries may export emissions reduction credits from reducing deforestation to Annex I regions via the global carbon market. In order to maintain consistency with previous work, energy intensive and nonenergy intensive sectors for Annex I and CDM regions are incorporated ...
... model framework, developing countries may export emissions reduction credits from reducing deforestation to Annex I regions via the global carbon market. In order to maintain consistency with previous work, energy intensive and nonenergy intensive sectors for Annex I and CDM regions are incorporated ...
"Prices vs. Quantities at the Inter-Country Level - ETH E
... contribute to climate change. For this purpose, we compare price (emission tax) and quantity (tradable permits) regulations and place special emphasis on potential enforcement concerns of the two instruments. In particular, inter-country tax regulations are associated with considerable difficulties ...
... contribute to climate change. For this purpose, we compare price (emission tax) and quantity (tradable permits) regulations and place special emphasis on potential enforcement concerns of the two instruments. In particular, inter-country tax regulations are associated with considerable difficulties ...
The Impact of International Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction
... with the global climate change issues. For more on the model code, see web site: http://www.stanford.edu/group/MERGE. MERGE consists of four major parts: (1) economic model, (2) energy model, (3) climate model, and (4) climate change impact (damage) model. In the MERGE model, Indonesia is included o ...
... with the global climate change issues. For more on the model code, see web site: http://www.stanford.edu/group/MERGE. MERGE consists of four major parts: (1) economic model, (2) energy model, (3) climate model, and (4) climate change impact (damage) model. In the MERGE model, Indonesia is included o ...
China -- CAIT briefing - BASIC
... climate change developed by The World Resources Institute (WRI). • CAIT includes: – Data on all greenhouse gases (GHGs) and sources, plus other data and indicators relevant to climate change policy – Data for 186 countries (most UNFCCC Parties) and regions – Analysis tools (e.g., trend, sector, or g ...
... climate change developed by The World Resources Institute (WRI). • CAIT includes: – Data on all greenhouse gases (GHGs) and sources, plus other data and indicators relevant to climate change policy – Data for 186 countries (most UNFCCC Parties) and regions – Analysis tools (e.g., trend, sector, or g ...
Climate Change: Costs and Benefits of S. 2191
... This report examines six studies that project the costs of S. 2191 to 2030 or 2050. It is difficult (and some would consider it unwise) to project costs up to the year 2030, much less beyond. The already tenuous assumption that current regulatory standards will remain constant becomes more unrealist ...
... This report examines six studies that project the costs of S. 2191 to 2030 or 2050. It is difficult (and some would consider it unwise) to project costs up to the year 2030, much less beyond. The already tenuous assumption that current regulatory standards will remain constant becomes more unrealist ...
Fourth Carbon Budget Review – part 2
... could be over £100 billion in present value terms under central assumptions about fossil fuel and carbon prices, allowing for expected impacts of shale gas; in a world of high fossil fuel prices, the benefit could be as high as £200 billion. Even with low fossil fuel or carbon prices, the budget wou ...
... could be over £100 billion in present value terms under central assumptions about fossil fuel and carbon prices, allowing for expected impacts of shale gas; in a world of high fossil fuel prices, the benefit could be as high as £200 billion. Even with low fossil fuel or carbon prices, the budget wou ...
Global Carbon Pricing - Carbon
... Q3. What does “to price their own emissions” mean? Quite simply, a country’s average carbon price — carbon revenue per unit emissions — must be at least as high as the global carbon price. The simplest way would be with a carbon tax, which could be used to replace other taxes. Cap-and-trade could al ...
... Q3. What does “to price their own emissions” mean? Quite simply, a country’s average carbon price — carbon revenue per unit emissions — must be at least as high as the global carbon price. The simplest way would be with a carbon tax, which could be used to replace other taxes. Cap-and-trade could al ...
The Emissions Gap Report 2015
... This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit services without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as ...
... This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit services without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as ...
2015 Emissions Gap Report
... This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit services without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as ...
... This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit services without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as ...
Setting Australia`s post-2020 target for reducing greenhouse gas
... Australia has a strong track record on climate change. Australia more than achieved its Kyoto Protocol first commitment period target (2008-2012). We are on track to meet and beat our 2020 target of a five per cent reduction on 2000 emissions levels, equivalent to a 13 per cent reduction on 2005 lev ...
... Australia has a strong track record on climate change. Australia more than achieved its Kyoto Protocol first commitment period target (2008-2012). We are on track to meet and beat our 2020 target of a five per cent reduction on 2000 emissions levels, equivalent to a 13 per cent reduction on 2005 lev ...
Access this Content
... Climate Change/GHG issues? Has the organization made commitments to reductions, ...
... Climate Change/GHG issues? Has the organization made commitments to reductions, ...
The Emissions Gap Report 2015
... Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Non-State Actor Zone for Climate Action, United Nations Environment Programme, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and World Resources Institute. Adaptation: The process of adjustmen ...
... Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Non-State Actor Zone for Climate Action, United Nations Environment Programme, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and World Resources Institute. Adaptation: The process of adjustmen ...
Intended nationally determined contributions: what are the implications for greenhouse gas emissions in 2030? (opens in new window)
... annual greenhouse gas emissions beyond 2020 (i.e. usually as a target for emissions in 2025 and 2030). Many Parties provided information about their expected annual emissions in 2020 following COP15 in Copenhagen, Denmark, in December 2009.2 Hence, these INDCs can be analysed to provide an indicatio ...
... annual greenhouse gas emissions beyond 2020 (i.e. usually as a target for emissions in 2025 and 2030). Many Parties provided information about their expected annual emissions in 2020 following COP15 in Copenhagen, Denmark, in December 2009.2 Hence, these INDCs can be analysed to provide an indicatio ...
Including International Forest Carbon Incentives
... Economic models suggest that over the next 20 years, carbon prices of US$10–$302 per metric ton3 of CO2 (tCO2) could generate reductions of 1–4 billion tCO2/year globally through avoided deforestation. The models suggest that this amount could be as much as doubled if other options such as afforesta ...
... Economic models suggest that over the next 20 years, carbon prices of US$10–$302 per metric ton3 of CO2 (tCO2) could generate reductions of 1–4 billion tCO2/year globally through avoided deforestation. The models suggest that this amount could be as much as doubled if other options such as afforesta ...
Abatement vs. Adaptation and the Prospects for International
... lower-GDP countries. This makes a cooperative agreement to reduce emissions more attractive to lower-GDP countries than when adaptation is not available. Our paper adds to a growing body of literature on the relationship between abatement and adaptation.1 A key concern expressed in much of the poli ...
... lower-GDP countries. This makes a cooperative agreement to reduce emissions more attractive to lower-GDP countries than when adaptation is not available. Our paper adds to a growing body of literature on the relationship between abatement and adaptation.1 A key concern expressed in much of the poli ...
Chapter 10
... Scientists debate the contribution of human economic activity to these trends, but most believe it to be a major source. Economists debate the costs and benefits of alternative ways of slowing CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions, but most favor some action. Economists agree that lowering greenhou ...
... Scientists debate the contribution of human economic activity to these trends, but most believe it to be a major source. Economists debate the costs and benefits of alternative ways of slowing CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions, but most favor some action. Economists agree that lowering greenhou ...
Emissions trading
Emissions trading or cap and trade (""cap"" meaning a legal limit on the quantity of a certain type of chemical an economy can emit each year) is a market-based approach used to control pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants. Various countries, groups of companies, and states have adopted emission trading systems as one of the strategies for mitigating climate-change by addressing international greenhouse-gas emission.A central authority (usually a governmental body) sets a limit or cap on the amount of a pollutant that may be emitted. The limit or cap is allocated and/or sold by the central authority to firms in the form of emissions permits which represent the right to emit or discharge a specific volume of the specified pollutant. Permits (and possibly also derivatives of permits) can then be traded on secondary markets. For example, the EU ETS trades primarily in European Union Allowances (EUAs), the Californian scheme in California Carbon Allowances, the New Zealand scheme in New Zealand Units and the Australian scheme in Australian Units. Firms are required to hold a number of permits (or allowances or carbon credits) equivalent to their emissions. The total number of permits cannot exceed the cap, limiting total emissions to that level. Firms that need to increase their volume of emissions must buy permits from those who require fewer permits.The transfer of permits is referred to as a ""trade"". In effect, the buyer is paying a charge for polluting, while the seller gains a reward for having reduced emissions. Thus, in theory, those who can reduce emissions most cheaply will do so, achieving the pollution reduction at the lowest cost to society.There are active trading programs in several air pollutants. For greenhouse gases the largest is the European Union Emission Trading Scheme, whose purpose is to avoid dangerous climate change. Cap and trade provides the private sector with the flexibility required to reduce emissions while stimulating technological innovation and economic growth. The United States has a national market to reduce acid rain and several regional markets in nitrogen oxides.