Massachusetts v. EPA - Washington and Lee University
... relied in refusing to regulate motor vehicle GHG emissions. See id. at 52930–33. First, there are many sources of GHG emissions, and regulating only new motor vehicles would "result in an inefficient, piecemeal approach to the climate change issue." Id. at 52931. Second, unilateral reduction in GHG ...
... relied in refusing to regulate motor vehicle GHG emissions. See id. at 52930–33. First, there are many sources of GHG emissions, and regulating only new motor vehicles would "result in an inefficient, piecemeal approach to the climate change issue." Id. at 52931. Second, unilateral reduction in GHG ...
Co-benefits of climate policy
... (GCC) and local air pollution (LAP). The major connection between these environmental problems is the combustion of fossil fuels. As a consequence, policies aiming to mitigate one of these environmental problems potentially have large effects on the other. For example, climate policy may reduce the ...
... (GCC) and local air pollution (LAP). The major connection between these environmental problems is the combustion of fossil fuels. As a consequence, policies aiming to mitigate one of these environmental problems potentially have large effects on the other. For example, climate policy may reduce the ...
Student Thesis: Exporting Sustainability: Reducing the Climate Impact of the Export-Import Bank of the United States
... To date, the U.S. federal government has failed to enact mandatory greenhouse gas emissions limitations. The U.S. rejected the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, citing the Protocol’s failure to include developing countries and concerns that ratification of ...
... To date, the U.S. federal government has failed to enact mandatory greenhouse gas emissions limitations. The U.S. rejected the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, citing the Protocol’s failure to include developing countries and concerns that ratification of ...
Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research The Met. Office
... (close to IPCC IS92a), in which CO2 and other greenhouse gases increase without mitigation have been described in an earlier report (December 1997); these are used for comparison in this report, referred to as the ‘unmitigated emissions scenario’. For the current report, the model was driven with CO ...
... (close to IPCC IS92a), in which CO2 and other greenhouse gases increase without mitigation have been described in an earlier report (December 1997); these are used for comparison in this report, referred to as the ‘unmitigated emissions scenario’. For the current report, the model was driven with CO ...
Impact of climate change on tropospheric ozone
... with the biggest driver being the projected increase in surface temperature. Changes in the emission of NOx by microorganisms in soils is another important climate-biosphere feedback, due to the importance of NOx in tropospheric photochemistry. These emissions are expected to increase in a warmer, w ...
... with the biggest driver being the projected increase in surface temperature. Changes in the emission of NOx by microorganisms in soils is another important climate-biosphere feedback, due to the importance of NOx in tropospheric photochemistry. These emissions are expected to increase in a warmer, w ...
The gARNAUT ReVIeW 2011 - Garnaut Climate Change Review
... For developing countries, targets are measured not in absolute reductions but in reductions in emissions intensity. The modified contraction and convergence framework described in the 2008 Review implied a targeted reduction in China’s emissions intensity of 35 per cent between 2005 and 2020 if glob ...
... For developing countries, targets are measured not in absolute reductions but in reductions in emissions intensity. The modified contraction and convergence framework described in the 2008 Review implied a targeted reduction in China’s emissions intensity of 35 per cent between 2005 and 2020 if glob ...
Victoria Policy Institute- Air Pollution Costs
... Other Resources ............................................................................................... 28 ...
... Other Resources ............................................................................................... 28 ...
full text (pdf)
... 1993; Forster and Shine, 1997]. The vertical distribution of ozone and its precursors, particularly short-lived NOx species, is determined to a large extent by convective transport of surface pollutants from the boundary layer to the upper troposphere on short (hourly) timescales. Therefore, to eval ...
... 1993; Forster and Shine, 1997]. The vertical distribution of ozone and its precursors, particularly short-lived NOx species, is determined to a large extent by convective transport of surface pollutants from the boundary layer to the upper troposphere on short (hourly) timescales. Therefore, to eval ...
IPCC SPECIAL REPORT EMISSIONS SCENARIOS
... Report do not include additional climate initiatives, which means that no scenarios are included that explicitly assume implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) or the emissions targets of the Kyoto Protocol. However, GHG emissions are directly affected by ...
... Report do not include additional climate initiatives, which means that no scenarios are included that explicitly assume implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) or the emissions targets of the Kyoto Protocol. However, GHG emissions are directly affected by ...
South Korea`s 2030 Carbon Mitigation Target and the INDC
... system that will better to respond to today’s environmental challenges. Unlike the Kyoto Protocol System, the new climate system will set progressive reduction obligations for both developed and developing countries. The Kyoto Protocol, which came into effect during the COP 3 in 1997, categorized me ...
... system that will better to respond to today’s environmental challenges. Unlike the Kyoto Protocol System, the new climate system will set progressive reduction obligations for both developed and developing countries. The Kyoto Protocol, which came into effect during the COP 3 in 1997, categorized me ...
Post-2012 Climate Change Negotiation Simulation
... their own position, parties often discover that their interests are compatible, not mutually exclusive, and both can be accommodated through joint problem solving. Negotiating interests may also lead to the development of better options and outcomes, which leads us to our next point of principled ne ...
... their own position, parties often discover that their interests are compatible, not mutually exclusive, and both can be accommodated through joint problem solving. Negotiating interests may also lead to the development of better options and outcomes, which leads us to our next point of principled ne ...
Technical note on science- based targets
... than one scope. For example, in a target This means that targets don’t necessarily where there is a 30% absolute emissions have to cover all greenhouse gases, only reduction applied to scopes 1+2 combined that they be expressed as CO2e in these from 2010 to 2030, the 30% reduction can questions. For ...
... than one scope. For example, in a target This means that targets don’t necessarily where there is a 30% absolute emissions have to cover all greenhouse gases, only reduction applied to scopes 1+2 combined that they be expressed as CO2e in these from 2010 to 2030, the 30% reduction can questions. For ...
Leadership in Climate Change Mitigation
... which is similar in structure to high emitting economies has the potential of generating relevant information on policy design and policy cost. Behavioral reactions of reciprocity and policy emulation are also more likely among similar countries. The size of a country is an ambivalent country charac ...
... which is similar in structure to high emitting economies has the potential of generating relevant information on policy design and policy cost. Behavioral reactions of reciprocity and policy emulation are also more likely among similar countries. The size of a country is an ambivalent country charac ...
Module: Introduction
... Consistent with this vision, Eni has established an integrated strategy to actively contribute to the energy transition based on three fundamental pillars: 1. to produce low carbon impact hydrocarbons ensuring that all our operations are characterized by maximum efficiency and lower CO2 content. Bet ...
... Consistent with this vision, Eni has established an integrated strategy to actively contribute to the energy transition based on three fundamental pillars: 1. to produce low carbon impact hydrocarbons ensuring that all our operations are characterized by maximum efficiency and lower CO2 content. Bet ...
The representative concentration pathways: an overview
... 2) The RCPs should provide information on all components of radiative forcing that are needed as input for climate modeling and atmospheric chemistry modeling (emissions of greenhouse gases, air pollutants and land use). Moreover, they should make such information available in a geographically expli ...
... 2) The RCPs should provide information on all components of radiative forcing that are needed as input for climate modeling and atmospheric chemistry modeling (emissions of greenhouse gases, air pollutants and land use). Moreover, they should make such information available in a geographically expli ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES OF CALIFORNIA CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY
... California's Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 limits California's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2020 to their 1990 level. Global climate change is a pressing environmental problem, and the best possible public policies will be required to address it. Therefore, analyses of prospective polici ...
... California's Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 limits California's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2020 to their 1990 level. Global climate change is a pressing environmental problem, and the best possible public policies will be required to address it. Therefore, analyses of prospective polici ...
Africa
... Mitigation Potential in Agriculture (MAGHG) project, a component of the MICCA Programme of the Climate, Energy and Tenure Division (NRC) in close collaboration with the FAO Statistics Divisions (ESS), is to provide guidance on the assessment of mitigation options for identification of national actio ...
... Mitigation Potential in Agriculture (MAGHG) project, a component of the MICCA Programme of the Climate, Energy and Tenure Division (NRC) in close collaboration with the FAO Statistics Divisions (ESS), is to provide guidance on the assessment of mitigation options for identification of national actio ...
Estimation of nitrous oxide and methane emission from Polish
... differences are caused by dissimilar total emission values and different emission levels from plant and animal production. The species most responsible for the nitrous oxide emission are cattle, swine and poultry. 3. The emission from plant production differs in the voivodeships due to varying consu ...
... differences are caused by dissimilar total emission values and different emission levels from plant and animal production. The species most responsible for the nitrous oxide emission are cattle, swine and poultry. 3. The emission from plant production differs in the voivodeships due to varying consu ...
Federal Agency Actions Following the Supreme Court’s Climate Change Decision Robert Meltz
... On April 2, 2007, the Supreme Court rendered one of its most important environmental decisions. In Massachusetts v. EPA, the Court held 5-4 that greenhouse gases (GHGs), widely viewed as contributing to climate change, constitute “air pollutants” as that phrase is used in the Clean Air Act (CAA). As ...
... On April 2, 2007, the Supreme Court rendered one of its most important environmental decisions. In Massachusetts v. EPA, the Court held 5-4 that greenhouse gases (GHGs), widely viewed as contributing to climate change, constitute “air pollutants” as that phrase is used in the Clean Air Act (CAA). As ...
The Emissions Gap Report 2013 www.unep.org
... agroforestry, tree-based systems are more productive, more sustainable and more attuned to people’s cultural or material needs than treeless alternatives. Agroforestry also provides significant mitigation benefits by sequestering carbon from the atmosphere in the tree biomass. Annex I countries The ...
... agroforestry, tree-based systems are more productive, more sustainable and more attuned to people’s cultural or material needs than treeless alternatives. Agroforestry also provides significant mitigation benefits by sequestering carbon from the atmosphere in the tree biomass. Annex I countries The ...
The terrestrial biosphere as a net source of greenhouse gases to the
... to climate change2,3. The terrestrial biogenic fluxes of individual greenhouse gases have been studied extensively4–6, but the net biogenic greenhouse gas balance resulting from anthropogenic activities and its effect on the climate system remains uncertain. Here we use bottom-up (inventory, statist ...
... to climate change2,3. The terrestrial biogenic fluxes of individual greenhouse gases have been studied extensively4–6, but the net biogenic greenhouse gas balance resulting from anthropogenic activities and its effect on the climate system remains uncertain. Here we use bottom-up (inventory, statist ...
Methane - Clean Air Task Force
... Short-lived pollutants act as “climate forcers” by trapping heat in the atmosphere and troposphere (i.e. the greenhouse effect) and by reducing the reflectivity of snow- and ice-covered surfaces. According to recent modeling results, the major short-lived forcers— black carbon, tropospheric ozone, a ...
... Short-lived pollutants act as “climate forcers” by trapping heat in the atmosphere and troposphere (i.e. the greenhouse effect) and by reducing the reflectivity of snow- and ice-covered surfaces. According to recent modeling results, the major short-lived forcers— black carbon, tropospheric ozone, a ...
PDF
... Equation 2 gives rise to the conditional logit model (Bateman et al. 2002). The conditional logit model assumes that the random components are independently and identically distributed with an extreme value type 1 distribution (Alpizar et al. 2001). In the conditional logit model, the probability of ...
... Equation 2 gives rise to the conditional logit model (Bateman et al. 2002). The conditional logit model assumes that the random components are independently and identically distributed with an extreme value type 1 distribution (Alpizar et al. 2001). In the conditional logit model, the probability of ...
Model estimates of climate controls on pan-Arctic
... al., 2014), but none have attempted to characterize the sensitivities of emissions to climate factors as a function of geographic location, wetland type, or climate conditions. CH4 emissions are not the only biogeochemical process for which environmental controls have been investigated. Nemani et al ...
... al., 2014), but none have attempted to characterize the sensitivities of emissions to climate factors as a function of geographic location, wetland type, or climate conditions. CH4 emissions are not the only biogeochemical process for which environmental controls have been investigated. Nemani et al ...
Emissions trading
Emissions trading or cap and trade (""cap"" meaning a legal limit on the quantity of a certain type of chemical an economy can emit each year) is a market-based approach used to control pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants. Various countries, groups of companies, and states have adopted emission trading systems as one of the strategies for mitigating climate-change by addressing international greenhouse-gas emission.A central authority (usually a governmental body) sets a limit or cap on the amount of a pollutant that may be emitted. The limit or cap is allocated and/or sold by the central authority to firms in the form of emissions permits which represent the right to emit or discharge a specific volume of the specified pollutant. Permits (and possibly also derivatives of permits) can then be traded on secondary markets. For example, the EU ETS trades primarily in European Union Allowances (EUAs), the Californian scheme in California Carbon Allowances, the New Zealand scheme in New Zealand Units and the Australian scheme in Australian Units. Firms are required to hold a number of permits (or allowances or carbon credits) equivalent to their emissions. The total number of permits cannot exceed the cap, limiting total emissions to that level. Firms that need to increase their volume of emissions must buy permits from those who require fewer permits.The transfer of permits is referred to as a ""trade"". In effect, the buyer is paying a charge for polluting, while the seller gains a reward for having reduced emissions. Thus, in theory, those who can reduce emissions most cheaply will do so, achieving the pollution reduction at the lowest cost to society.There are active trading programs in several air pollutants. For greenhouse gases the largest is the European Union Emission Trading Scheme, whose purpose is to avoid dangerous climate change. Cap and trade provides the private sector with the flexibility required to reduce emissions while stimulating technological innovation and economic growth. The United States has a national market to reduce acid rain and several regional markets in nitrogen oxides.