An Analysis of Black Carbon Mitigation as a Response to Climate
... Likewise, action by industrial countries alone to reduce their emissions to minimal levels by mid-century cannot be cost-effective because during this century a majority of GHG emissions will originate from developing countries.11 However, developing countries have been unwilling to adopt carbon lim ...
... Likewise, action by industrial countries alone to reduce their emissions to minimal levels by mid-century cannot be cost-effective because during this century a majority of GHG emissions will originate from developing countries.11 However, developing countries have been unwilling to adopt carbon lim ...
Land Use Change Impacts on Air Quality and Climate
... response may be larger at a local scale or when considering multiple future scenarios, for example isoprene emissions over the same time horizon are projected to increase by 26-41% in Europe.88 Several of these studies have projected isoprene emissions under simultaneous changes in climate and atmos ...
... response may be larger at a local scale or when considering multiple future scenarios, for example isoprene emissions over the same time horizon are projected to increase by 26-41% in Europe.88 Several of these studies have projected isoprene emissions under simultaneous changes in climate and atmos ...
The End of the Kyoto Protocol - Digital Commons @ Georgia Law
... The Kyoto Protocol thus symbolizes the world’s realization that greenhouse gas emission levels are an international issue that must be addressed on a global scale.18 In spite of this realization, the Protocol, until recently when reinstated for another five-year period during the Durban Conference, ...
... The Kyoto Protocol thus symbolizes the world’s realization that greenhouse gas emission levels are an international issue that must be addressed on a global scale.18 In spite of this realization, the Protocol, until recently when reinstated for another five-year period during the Durban Conference, ...
Multi-gas abatement analysis of the Marrakesh Accords Paul. L
... objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [...] to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, overall global annual mean surface temperature increase should not exceed 2°C above pre-industrial levels in order to limit high risks, including irre ...
... objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [...] to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, overall global annual mean surface temperature increase should not exceed 2°C above pre-industrial levels in order to limit high risks, including irre ...
All Countries Need to Take Major Steps on Climate Change: Global
... The poll includes 14 of the 16 major economic powers invited by President Bush to Washington later this week [September 27-28] to discuss climate change and energy security. A key focus of discussion will be whether developing nations as well as developed countries should be required to limit their ...
... The poll includes 14 of the 16 major economic powers invited by President Bush to Washington later this week [September 27-28] to discuss climate change and energy security. A key focus of discussion will be whether developing nations as well as developed countries should be required to limit their ...
A financial director`s guide to the carbon reduction
... the CRC typically have relatively low energy intensity and most are outside existing schemes such as the EU Emissions Trading Scheme and Climate Change Agreements. Example sectors affected include retail, leisure, some manufacturing, professional services, many other office based activities and the ...
... the CRC typically have relatively low energy intensity and most are outside existing schemes such as the EU Emissions Trading Scheme and Climate Change Agreements. Example sectors affected include retail, leisure, some manufacturing, professional services, many other office based activities and the ...
The Effects of Global Change upon United States Air Quality
... [2000 to 2100]; Spracklen et al., 2009 [2000 to 2050]; Kelly et al., 2012 [2000’s to 2050’s]). ...
... [2000 to 2100]; Spracklen et al., 2009 [2000 to 2050]; Kelly et al., 2012 [2000’s to 2050’s]). ...
NO REASON TO WAIT: REDUCING GREENHOUSE GAS
... lagged far behind the urgency of the problem as articulated by scientists and borne out in the real world. In the past five years, this mismatch has reached frightening proportions, with Arctic sea ice and glaciers rapidly retreating, rising and acidifying seas, stronger storms, more frequent and in ...
... lagged far behind the urgency of the problem as articulated by scientists and borne out in the real world. In the past five years, this mismatch has reached frightening proportions, with Arctic sea ice and glaciers rapidly retreating, rising and acidifying seas, stronger storms, more frequent and in ...
The Value of Carbon in Decision-Making
... • Economists use two main tools to inform policy and business decision-making in relation to valuing carbon: the Social Cost of Carbon (SCC) or the Marginal Abatement Cost (MAC). The SCC and the MAC are often applied alongside each other, because they measure different things. • The SCC represents ...
... • Economists use two main tools to inform policy and business decision-making in relation to valuing carbon: the Social Cost of Carbon (SCC) or the Marginal Abatement Cost (MAC). The SCC and the MAC are often applied alongside each other, because they measure different things. • The SCC represents ...
The geography of global urban greenhouse gas emissions: an
... We argue that the EDGAR data, supplemented by other information, allows for analysis of urban emissions from Scopes 1 and 2 in accordance with the World Business Council for Sustainable Development and World Resources Institute accounting protocol (WBCSD and WRI 2004). First, the GRUMP urban boundar ...
... We argue that the EDGAR data, supplemented by other information, allows for analysis of urban emissions from Scopes 1 and 2 in accordance with the World Business Council for Sustainable Development and World Resources Institute accounting protocol (WBCSD and WRI 2004). First, the GRUMP urban boundar ...
Optimal intensity targets for greenhouse gas emissions
... pulling out of the agreement. Bringing developing countries on board, essential for a meaningful post-Kyoto treaty, faces even greater challenges from economic uncertainty. Poor countries’ decision-makers can ill afford to sign a treaty that risks major cost blow-outs or ‘stifling development’. This ...
... pulling out of the agreement. Bringing developing countries on board, essential for a meaningful post-Kyoto treaty, faces even greater challenges from economic uncertainty. Poor countries’ decision-makers can ill afford to sign a treaty that risks major cost blow-outs or ‘stifling development’. This ...
State-level economic impacts of a National Climate Change policy
... “Market Offsets”—In this restrictive case, offsets are assumed to only be available from emissions reductions made by noncovered entities within the United States at a market cost estimated within the model (and no offsets are generated from carbon sequestration). Based on these policy assumptions ...
... “Market Offsets”—In this restrictive case, offsets are assumed to only be available from emissions reductions made by noncovered entities within the United States at a market cost estimated within the model (and no offsets are generated from carbon sequestration). Based on these policy assumptions ...
Entire Report - Center for Climate and Energy
... If, for example, the total GHG emissions reduction required to meet a target were on the order of 10 or 15 percent, as would be the case if total GHG emissions in the United States were held at year 2000 levels through 2010, nearly all of the cost-effective reductions would come from the non-CO2 gr ...
... If, for example, the total GHG emissions reduction required to meet a target were on the order of 10 or 15 percent, as would be the case if total GHG emissions in the United States were held at year 2000 levels through 2010, nearly all of the cost-effective reductions would come from the non-CO2 gr ...
Growth of climate change commitments from HFC banks and
... 1986). Citizen actions and national regulation already led to reductions in the use of CFCs in spray cans in some countries before the protocol was signed (Andersen and Sarma, 2002). By reducing production and consumption of rapidly released gases in each country, measures taken under the protocol q ...
... 1986). Citizen actions and national regulation already led to reductions in the use of CFCs in spray cans in some countries before the protocol was signed (Andersen and Sarma, 2002). By reducing production and consumption of rapidly released gases in each country, measures taken under the protocol q ...
guide to synthetic greenhouse gas activities in the NZ ETS
... costs by improving the accuracy of emissions reporting ...
... costs by improving the accuracy of emissions reporting ...
The effects of global change upon United States air quality
... R. Gonzalez-Abraham et al.: The effects of global change upon US air quality In this work, we present a continuation of the work described by Avise et al. (2009) and Chen et al. (2009a, b), who downscaled the Parallel Climate Model (PCM; Washington et al., 2000) and MOZART (Model for OZone And Rela ...
... R. Gonzalez-Abraham et al.: The effects of global change upon US air quality In this work, we present a continuation of the work described by Avise et al. (2009) and Chen et al. (2009a, b), who downscaled the Parallel Climate Model (PCM; Washington et al., 2000) and MOZART (Model for OZone And Rela ...
The Impact of CO2 Emissions on Agricultural Productivity and
... economy-wide impacts of climate change due to general equilibrium feedback effects and interdependence among various sectors (Carri 2008; Gebreegziabher et al. 2011). As a result, recently there has been increasing use of CGE models in economy-wide climate change impact analysis. These studies have ...
... economy-wide impacts of climate change due to general equilibrium feedback effects and interdependence among various sectors (Carri 2008; Gebreegziabher et al. 2011). As a result, recently there has been increasing use of CGE models in economy-wide climate change impact analysis. These studies have ...
Annual Transition Statement - Select Organisation
... which this annual transition statement is reporting. At the core of the 2015 Act is a statutory recognition of the ‘national transition objective’ – the goal of pursuing a low carbon, climate resilient and environmentally sustainable economy by 2050. In order to facilitate the achievement of the ‘tr ...
... which this annual transition statement is reporting. At the core of the 2015 Act is a statutory recognition of the ‘national transition objective’ – the goal of pursuing a low carbon, climate resilient and environmentally sustainable economy by 2050. In order to facilitate the achievement of the ‘tr ...
The Relation Between Net Carbon Emissions
... issues of global climate change frame one of the most important debates and concerns about the environment today. Unlike most other environmental topics, the issues surrounding global climate change transcend continents and by their very nature seem to defy local, even national governmental solution ...
... issues of global climate change frame one of the most important debates and concerns about the environment today. Unlike most other environmental topics, the issues surrounding global climate change transcend continents and by their very nature seem to defy local, even national governmental solution ...
climate action plan - Town of San Anselmo
... Representatives passed a GHG emissions cap-and-trade bill, Waxman-Markey, in June 2009. The U.S. Senate considered, but failed to pass, various cap-and-trade bills in 2009 and 2010. These bills utilized a market-based approach to controlling emissions by allocating permits to companies that allow th ...
... Representatives passed a GHG emissions cap-and-trade bill, Waxman-Markey, in June 2009. The U.S. Senate considered, but failed to pass, various cap-and-trade bills in 2009 and 2010. These bills utilized a market-based approach to controlling emissions by allocating permits to companies that allow th ...
p4418-4433 - Parliament of Western Australia
... plan. In the same way as we have had a failure in leadership from John Howard, we know that George Bush has dragged his feet on climate change. However, states in the US, similar to states in Australia, are taking the initiative to put together emissions trading arrangements. Sadly, our head-in-the- ...
... plan. In the same way as we have had a failure in leadership from John Howard, we know that George Bush has dragged his feet on climate change. However, states in the US, similar to states in Australia, are taking the initiative to put together emissions trading arrangements. Sadly, our head-in-the- ...
In Defense of Emissions Egalitarianism?
... However, one could further questions (P2) by claiming that instead of the atmosphere the totality of all global commons is owned by everyone equally (cf. Caney, 2012: 268-271). Assuming for the sake of argument that this claim is correct, it would result in a very complex allocation procedure. The r ...
... However, one could further questions (P2) by claiming that instead of the atmosphere the totality of all global commons is owned by everyone equally (cf. Caney, 2012: 268-271). Assuming for the sake of argument that this claim is correct, it would result in a very complex allocation procedure. The r ...
Is atmospheric carbon dioxide removal a game changer for climate
... There exist also chemical approaches to CDR. One is the terrestrial process of reacting CO2 with minerals to form carbonates and thereby consume CO2 (The Royal Society 2009). Another is direct carbon dioxide capture from ambient air (DAC) by using solvents like sodium hydroxide (Lackner 2010; Stolar ...
... There exist also chemical approaches to CDR. One is the terrestrial process of reacting CO2 with minerals to form carbonates and thereby consume CO2 (The Royal Society 2009). Another is direct carbon dioxide capture from ambient air (DAC) by using solvents like sodium hydroxide (Lackner 2010; Stolar ...
the Disclosure report 2016
... 3 GtCO2e (more than the combined emissions of India and Canada) and representing US$12.9 trillion in GDP, these influential governments have not been shy in taking action. Almost 70% have disclosed region-wide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventories and targets to cut emissions, with an additiona ...
... 3 GtCO2e (more than the combined emissions of India and Canada) and representing US$12.9 trillion in GDP, these influential governments have not been shy in taking action. Almost 70% have disclosed region-wide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventories and targets to cut emissions, with an additiona ...
Emissions trading
Emissions trading or cap and trade (""cap"" meaning a legal limit on the quantity of a certain type of chemical an economy can emit each year) is a market-based approach used to control pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants. Various countries, groups of companies, and states have adopted emission trading systems as one of the strategies for mitigating climate-change by addressing international greenhouse-gas emission.A central authority (usually a governmental body) sets a limit or cap on the amount of a pollutant that may be emitted. The limit or cap is allocated and/or sold by the central authority to firms in the form of emissions permits which represent the right to emit or discharge a specific volume of the specified pollutant. Permits (and possibly also derivatives of permits) can then be traded on secondary markets. For example, the EU ETS trades primarily in European Union Allowances (EUAs), the Californian scheme in California Carbon Allowances, the New Zealand scheme in New Zealand Units and the Australian scheme in Australian Units. Firms are required to hold a number of permits (or allowances or carbon credits) equivalent to their emissions. The total number of permits cannot exceed the cap, limiting total emissions to that level. Firms that need to increase their volume of emissions must buy permits from those who require fewer permits.The transfer of permits is referred to as a ""trade"". In effect, the buyer is paying a charge for polluting, while the seller gains a reward for having reduced emissions. Thus, in theory, those who can reduce emissions most cheaply will do so, achieving the pollution reduction at the lowest cost to society.There are active trading programs in several air pollutants. For greenhouse gases the largest is the European Union Emission Trading Scheme, whose purpose is to avoid dangerous climate change. Cap and trade provides the private sector with the flexibility required to reduce emissions while stimulating technological innovation and economic growth. The United States has a national market to reduce acid rain and several regional markets in nitrogen oxides.