Download Chapter 13 - Angelfire

Chapter 13-32 Final Review
Chapter 13+14 aren’t really included on the final, only a little bit will be, but I had the review so I added that
too. Enjoy!
Chapter 13
Evolution: Evidence of Change
1. What does potassium-40 ultimately decay into? Argon 40
2. Fossil trees are petrified when the wood is replaced with rock.
3. Later stages of embryos of related organisms begin to show marked differences because of mutations
4. Scientists estimate that the number of species alive today is about 10 million
5. A series of fossils shows the development of the horse over a period of 50 million years
6. What evidence suggests that the deserts of the American southwest were once covered by seas? Shark tooth
fossils
7. What is the longest period of time in the geologic time scale? Era
8. Carbon-14 will change into Nitrogen 14
9. Where is the best place to search for fossils? Sedimentary Rock
10. Darwin called the combination of physical traits and behaviors that help organisms survive and reproduce fitness
11. In a rock column, the fossils in the upper layers must be newest
12. Uranium-238 will decay into Lead 206
13. All the fossils that have been collected around the world make up the Fossil Record
14. The early stages of embryonic development remain unchanged because the mutations that develop in these
stages are lethal
15. The energy-storing compound found in all living things is ATP
16. The long, slow process of change in species over time is called evolution
17. Which is least closely related? Radioactive element; stable element; radioactive decay
18. According to Darwin, any inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s fitness for survival is a(n)
adaptation
19. Scientists who specialize in study of rocks and changes in the earth are called geologists
20. Scientists would be very surprised if they found a complete Skeleton
21. Scientists do not expect to find large animal fossils in amber
22. Radioactive dating is an example of absolute dating.
23. How did Darwin explain similarity of structure among living organisms? Common ancestor
24. The wings of a bird and the front legs of a dog are called homologous structures
25. A scientist has the best chance of finding fossil impressions of the soft parts of organisms in amber
26. In humans, muscles that move the ears are vestigial
27. Can evolutionary changes involve the modification of primitive limbs into tails? no
28. The presence of 4 tiny leg bones in pythons is evidence that snakes evolved from reptiles
29. According to Darwin, the long neck and legs of the giraffe would be called Adaptation
30. Which of the following did not influence Darwin? The work of Lyell; the nature of DNA; his collection of
specimens; his trip on the H.M.S. Beagle
31. As sediment piles up under water, pressure compresses the sediment into rock
32. According to Darwin, fitness arises through the process of adaptation
33. Scientists believe that of all species ever alive, 99.9% are now extinct
34. Darwin argued that if you look far enough back in time, you will see that all species have a common ancestor.
35. To determine the age of the oldest rocks, geologists use what radioactive material? Carbon 14, Pottasium 40, or
Urnaium 238
36. What would it mean if marine fossils were found in a mountain? Used to be underwater
37. Giant fossils ferns in Canada is interpreted to mean…warm climate long ago
38. The sea floor can be pushed up into mountains by forces inside the Earth
39. Is the DNA of eukaryotic organisms totally unique in structure? No, overlapping proteins
40. In the past, how did people explain major geologic features of the Earth? God?
Chapter 14 Review
Evolution: How Change Occurs
1. A genetic change will be maintained in a population if the change increases fitness.
2. Darwin’s finches are an excellent example of adaptation?
3. A new species cannot usually form without reproductive isolation
4. Occasionally, brief periods of rapid change occur between long periods of stability according to the theory of
punctuated equilibrium.
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Chapter 13-32 Final Review
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The source of the random variations on which natural selection operates are changes in gene pool?
Two analogous structures would be bird and butterfly wing.
Adaptive radiation was least important in the history of _____.
The first person to bring the concept of evolution to the attention of scientists was Lamarck.
The main evidence that the mechanism of evolution proposed by Lamarck could not work came from Darwin.
Lyell’s work affected Darwin’s thinking by presenting new information about evolution.
Kettlewell found that the peppered moths that were best camouflaged had the greatest chance for survival.
Scientists explain each of the following in genetic terms except: geographic barriers; evolutionary change;
species; adaptation
A group of similar-looking organisms that breed with each other and produce fertile offspring make up a species
Evolution can be defined as any change in the relative frequency of alleles in the gene pool of a Population.
The random change in the frequency of a gene is genetic drift.
Plant breeders have produced the tangelo, a hybrid between a tangerine and a pomelo, by artificial selection.
Evolution resulted from the inheritance of acquired traits according to Darwin.
What is the first that is out of order? Change in gene pool; separation of population; reproductive isolation;
sharing the same island
The belief that famine, disease, and war could prevent human growth was presented by Malthus.
According to Darwinian theory, evolution occurs by natural selection.
According to the fossil record, at several times in the past huge numbers of species have disappeared suddenly in
a phenomenon known as mass extinction.
The genetic equilibrium of a population may be upset by each of the following except: isolation; genetic drift; gene
frequency; mass extinction.
Related organisms become less alike by divergent evolution.
The variations upon which natural selection operates are ___and___.
According to Kettlewell, the peppered moths of England are a classic example of Natural Selection
Natural selection can operate only on an individual’s Genotype.
A species will have the best chance for survival if it occupies an empty Niche
The success of an organism has in passing it’s genes is Fitness
Since the number of humps on a camel does not seem to affect survival, they resulted from Genetic Drift.
Partly because of differences in beak size and mating behavior, the various species of Darwin’s finches occupied
different niches.
Mass extinction upsets a population’s genetic equilibrium.
Speciation does not occur without barrier isolation .
An improved understanding of evolution discredited the mechanics of evolution proposed by Lamarck.
The relative frequency of alleles is not necessarily changed by sexual reproduction.
Evolution is necessary for genetic change to occur.
It is easy to _____ evolution, but harder to explain ______.
Do all of an organism’s characteristics have to contribute to it’s fitness? No
What handicap was Darwin working under? Didn’t know how inheritable traits were passed on from one
generation to another
A species has the best chance for survival if it occupies an empty niche.
Animal breeders have produced hornless cattle by artificial selection.
Chapter 15
The Classification System
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Taxonomists try to create taxa that group organisms according to biologically important traits
From it’s name, you know that the organism Malus sylvestris must be in the species sylvestris.
The order to which humans belong is Primates.
In classification, families of plants are grouped into orders.
If an organism is multinucleate and does not have it’s cells separated by cell walls, it is a Fungus.
In classifying organisms, the least clear-cut division is between the protists and Multicellular.
If you observe a multicellular organism whose cell walls lack cellulose, it is a Fungus.
If an organism is warmblooded, does it have to be a mammal? No
The common house cat is in the same genus as which of the following: tiger; mountain lion; cheetah; lion
Birds, fish, and reptiles are classified as Chordata.
Multicellular algae are classified in the kingdom Fungi.
A heterotroph whose cell walls lack chlorophyll is a Fungi.
If an organism makes it’s own food, it must be a(n) Autotroph.
Members of the kingdom Plantae are multicellular and Eukaryotic.
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Chapter 13-32 Final Review
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There is strong biochemical evidence that the earliest living things on Earth were prokaryotes.
Homo habilis and Homo erectus are not in the same species
Today, molds and yeasts are classified as fungi
From their scientific names, Zea mays and Allium cepa, you know that the two organisms are in different genera.
The organisms that led to the revision of Linnaeus’s original classification system were ____.
Present-day taxonomists attempt to group organisms according to their Evolutionary similiarities
Each of the following is important in classifying except: acquired characteristics; developing embryos;
analogous structures; homologous structures
Differences in the structures of hemoglobin among animals resulted from mutations that must have occurred after
the ancestors of the various species diverged.
Organic molecules that are almost identical from species to species are DNA,RNA,hemoglobin.
An animallike protist, unlike an animal, is single celled
The most clear-cut division between kingdoms is between the Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
An organism that is one-celled, has no nucleus, and has a cell wall without cellulose is a Fungus-Like
Protist?
The third smallest taxon in the Linnaean system of classification is the family.
Hemoglobin is most similar in structure in which of the following: mammals and birds; amphibians and reptiles;
fishes and frogs; dogs and lions
If an organism is a protist, it must be a(n) Eukaryote
Today, molds and yeasts are no longer classified as plants.
Humans and chimpanzees have DNA that differs in approximately 1% of the nucleotide sequences.
Do organisms sometimes need to be reclassified from one taxon to another? True
If you find an organism that is different from any known specimen, who has the privilege of naming it? You do,
duh.
Did all organisms evolve from present-day prokaryotes? Of course not
Spirogyra crassa and Spirogyra nitida are different species
Scientists who classify organisms on the basis of similarities and differences between homologous structures are
called taxonomists.
Unicellular algae are categorized as Plants.
The various taxa of Plants may have evolved from plantlike protists.
Scientists have identified more than 2.5 species of organisms on Earth so far.
The similarity between the chemical cytocrome c in Felis leo and Felis tigris shows that the two species are
closely related.
The largest taxon is a kingdom
The two-name system for classifying organisms was developed by Carolus Linnaeus.
Acer rubrum and Acer palmatum are both names of different kinds of mple trees. What is the genus name for all
maple trees? Acer
The science of naming organisms and placing them in groups is called taxonomy
Each of the following is the name of a taxon except group (other choices genus family kingdom)
A kingdom that contains prokaryotes is the Eubacteria
The Prokaryotic Kingdoms
– All prokaryotes placed here.
– Includes Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.
– Evidence suggests that these were the earliest life forms.
– Lack nuclei, mitochondria, and chloroplasts; reproduce by binary fission.
Kingdom Protista
– Includes all single-celled eukaryotes.
– Further sub-divided into 3 groups:
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Animal-like protists
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Plant-like protists
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Fungus-like protists
Kingdom Fungi
– Build cell walls that do not contain cellulose.
– Heterotrophic organisms (do not carry on photosynthesis).
– Have many nuclei (multinucleate).
– Do not always have separate cells divided by complete cell walls.
Kingdom Plantae
– Multicellular
– Have cell walls with cellulose
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Chapter 13-32 Final Review
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Kingdom Animalia
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Autotrophic (the process of photosynthesis with chlorophyll).
Multicellular
Heterotrophic
Cell membranes without cell walls
Chapter 16 Review
The Origin of Life
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Who was the first scientist who attempted to disprove spontaneous generation? Redi
Spallanzani demonstrated that Needham found microorganisms in the gravy in his bottles, because Needham
had...not boiled enuff
To demonstrate that microorganisms entered the flasks along with dust particles from the air, Pasteur…S-shaped
beaker thing
Who was the scientist whose work was most effective in disproving spontaneous generation? Spallanzani
Stanley Miller used electric sparks and ultraviolet light to simulate Sunlight and lightening.
Scientists believe that the Earth was formed as a cloud of dust
The Earth cooled enough for solid rock to form on it’s surface about 4 billion years ago.
Evidence that the Earth’s early atmosphere did not contain oxygen comes from…rust thing
Evidence indicates that the Earth’s oceans developed about 4.5 billion years ago.
Which of the following events was LEAST important for the development of multicellular organisms? Evolution of
sexual reproduction; evolution of asexual reproduction; development of chloroplasts; or development of
mitochondria
Microfossils provide outlines of cells that have been identified as prokaryotes.
Paleontologists have found fossils of microscopic organisms dated as far back as 3.5 billion years ago.
When Stanley Miller analyzed the organic “soup” resulting from his experiment, he did not find which of the
following? Urea; acetic acid; carbon dioxide; or amino acids
Results from repeated experiments by Miller and others on the origin of life forms indicate what about the
formation of ATP?
Each of the following has been found in objects from outer space except: hydrogen gas; gaseous oxygen; ethyl
alcohol; or ice
Some biologists believe that the first true cells arose when lipids from a shallow pool dried and formed spheres
around bacteria molecules.
The water that gushes out of volcanic vents contains sulfur compounds.
According to Bernal and Cairns-Smith, attractive forces concentrated nucleic acids onto sulfuric crystals.
A prokaryote and eukaryote each contain: nucleus; cell membrane; organelle; or nuclear envelope
Each of the following conditions around volcanic vents is favorable for reactions leading to life except: deposits of
clay; a source of chemical energy; an assortment of chemicals; or weak currents
The sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in a living thing involves metabolic pathways.
The first autotrophs were common on the Earth about 3.4 billion years ago.
Spontaneous generation cannot occur today because the Earth contains _____ that break down organic
compounds.
The first great change in life on Earth occurred with the development of a modern form of photosynthesis.
The modern form of photosynthesis first occurred about 2.2 billion years ago.
Compared with earlier forms of photosynthesis, today’s plants substitute Sulfur for oxygen.
The first eukaryotic cells evolved about 1.4 -1.6 billions years ago.
One beneficial effect of oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere was…photosynthesis
Organisms that can survive only in deep mud cannot tolerate oxygen
Compared with anaerobic pathways, aerobic pathways obtain from each sugar molecule 18 times more energy.
A meteorite that landed in Australia in 1969 contained lipids.
In the organic soup of the Earth’s oceans, Oparin and Fox found that amino acids linked together to form
polypeptide proteins.
The first true cells had what type of nutrition?
Organisms that grew in layered, mat-like formations about 3.4 billion years ago were stromatolites.
Modern photosynthesis transformed the Earth into an aerobic planet.
The hypothesis that mice arose from grain is called spontaneous Generation.
Anaerobic bacteria can be found today in deep mud.
Anaerobic organisms cannot utilize oxygen in their metabolic pathways.
The earliest living things were eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
Today, bacteria that live near volcanic vents obtain energy from sulfuric compounds.
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Chapter 13-32 Final Review
Chapter 26 Review
Sponges, Cnidarians, and Unsegmented Worms
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The simplest animals with bilateral symmetry are Flatworms.
Unlike plant cells, animal cells do not have cell walls as their outer covering.
Aquatic animals that strain floating plants and animals from the water they take in are called filter feeders.
The front of an organism is called the anterior end.
The spiny objects that form the skeleton of a Venus’ flower basket are called spicules.
The skeleton of a natural bath sponge consists of fibers of spongin
The nerve cells of cnidarians make up a(n) nerve net.
In a medusa, the organs involved in balance are statocysts.
What are some examples of members of the class Anthozoa? Sea anemones, coral
The organs in a medusa that detect the presence of light are ocelli
Most sea anemones, unlike corals, are solitary polyps.
In the Portuguese man-of-war, a single polyp acts like a floating balloon
The phylum Platyhelminthes consists of simple animals called flat worms
Members of phylum Nematoda are commonly called round worms.
A tapeworm is a parasite that contains what type of mouth? Scolex, suckers/hooks
To get rid of extra water, planarians use flame cells
For locomotion, free-living flatworms usually use cilia + muscle cells
The proglottids of a tapeworm consist mainly of reproductive organs.
What are some examples of the members of class Turbellaria? planarians
The primary host of a parasite is the organism in which sexual reproduction occurs + where it lives in it’s adult
form
Almost every kind of plant and animal is affected by one or more parasitic organism?
Humans get trichinosis by eating raw or undercooked pork
The Great Barrier Reef off Australia is made up of coral.
Large numbers of filarial worms may block lymph vessels and cause elephantitis.
The nervous system of a roundworm does not include a brain
Which of the following is not a parasitic roundworm: hookworms; filarial worms; tapeworms; eye worms
One evolutionary trend is that more complex animals have a concentration of nerves
Why do many cnidarians live only in bright light? Symbiotic relationship thing
Which is not a characteristic of an animal: multicellular; autotrophic; heterotrophic; eukaryotic
Most biologists believe that no other group of multicellular animals evolved from the sponge.
The mesoglea is a thin layer in polyps.
Many animals that feed on tiny bits of decaying plants and animals are called detritus.
In any cnidarian, digestion takes place in the gastrovascular cavity
Flatworms are considered hermaphrodite because they have both male and female reproductive organs.
In a parasitic worm, sexual reproduction occurs in the primary host.
A tapeworms attaches itself to the host by suckers on it’s scolex.
The youngest and smallest proglottids of a tapeworm are at the anterior end.
Roundworms reproduce by asexual reproduction.
Trichinosis is caused by a roundworm
The nervous system of a cnidarian consists of a nerve net.
Chapter 27 Review
Mollusks and Annelids
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The gills of a clam are located in the mantle
The shell of a mollusk consists of calcium carbonate produced by glands in the mantle.
Mollusks that are carnivorous drill through the shells of other animals by means of radula.
In oysters, the mixture of food and mucus is moved to the mouth by cilia on gills
What type of circulatory system does an oyster have? Open Circulatory System
Land snails and slugs breathe by means of specially adapted mantle cavity.
Compared with other mollusks, the cephalopods have more complex, better developed brains.
In a cephalopod, the foot is divided into tentacles
The land slug is believed to have evolved from a shelled ancestor
The group of bivalves that burrow into sand and mud includes the clams
Adult bivalves that can move around by flapping their shells are scallops
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Chapter 13-32 Final Review
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Nautiluses remain upright and float in water by means of gases in the shell
The “termites of the sea” are actually shipworms.
Mollusks are, or have been, used for food, biological research, money, detecting how clean water is
What is the first organ through which food travels in an earthworm? Pharynx
Near the front end of an earthworm, the ring vessels that contract rhythmically are known as Heart/Aortic Arches
Like many marine annelids, earthworms have sensory cells located in the skin
How does an earthworm become shorter? Contracting longitudal muscles
The group of annelids that protect themselves by tufts of poisonous bristles that break off and penetrate the skin of
the attacker include the marine fireworms.
In mollusks, ammonia is removed from the blood and released from the body through nephridia
In the South Pacific, many annelids that swarm at the surface to release eggs at the same time are palolo worms
Describe the process of reproduction in earthworms. Stores sperm from another earth worm, hermaphrodite
Which term is least closely related to the others: tubifex worms; earthworm; oligochaete; polychaete
What is found in the castings of earthworms? Indigestible materials
Most leeches are organisms that exist as external parasites.
By grinding and partially digesting incredible amounts of soil, earthworms speed the return to plants of nitrogen
Ocean plankton consists of many very small polychaete worms
Once the skin of a host has been penetrated, a leech sucks blood from the area by using it’s pharynx
The cephalopod whose internal shell is either thin and coiled, or flat and plate-like is the cuttlefish
Some nudibranchs protect themselves by emitting harmful chemicals, bright colors, nematocysts
In mollusks, cellular metabolism produces nitrogen-containing wastes in the form of ammonia
An organism that has both male and female reproductive organs is called a hermaphrodite.
Some hermaphroditic mollusks, such as certain oysters, snails switch from one sex to another.
Current investigations of mollusks are based on the fact that they never develop cancer
Brightly-colored gills protrude from the worm’s tube in feather duster worms.
Most tube-dwelling annelids have ocelli cells that allow the animal to detect shadows of predators passing
overhead.
One reason soil deteriorates when poisons are used to kill insects is that useful organisms are also killed.
During feeding, a leech may swallow up to ten times it’s weight in blood.
A leech usually attaches itself to it’s host by the anterior sucker.
The teeth of the radula have evolved into long, hollow darts attached to poison glands in snails known as cone
shells
Chapter 28 Review
Arthropods
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What subphylum are the insects classified in? Uniramia
The first arthropods appeared in the sea about 600 million years ago.
What subphylum is the crayfish classified in? Crustacea
What subphylum is the horseshoe crab in? Chilicera
Name some of the characteristics of the trilobite body. Outer shell, segment
How does a locust get food? A spider? A centipede? Herbivore,Carnivore,Carnivore
Which term is unrelated to the others? Book gills; comblike bristles; tracheal tubes; book lungs
How do spiders respire? Book lungs
In aquatic arthropods, cell wastes diffuse from the body through unarmored places such as the gills
Unlike the eyes of humans, the eyes of many insects can detect UV light.
Where are the eardrums located in a grasshopper? Behind the legs
Arthropods swim, walk, or fly by the pull of muscles against the exoskeleton.
How do lobsters and crabs attack potential enemies? claws
Know the steps of the molting process (text page 615)
1.Molting hormone is released 2.Dissolve interior of old exoskeleton 3.New exoskeleton
forms under old one 4.Shed the old exoskeleton 5.Stretch new Exoskeleton 6.Harden
In metamorphosis, when the production of juvenile hormone drops below a critical point, the molting insect
becomes a pupa
A uniramian with one pair of legs on each of it’s many segments, and poison claws is a centipede
What are some ways that honeybees communicate? Dances, Pheromones, Sounds
If an arthropod has three distinct body parts, it is classified as a(n) insect
Newly-hatched horseshoe crabs are known as trilobite larvae
Know the steps that occur after a spider catches it’s prey. 1. Paralyze victim by injection venom w/Chelicera
2.Inject with digestive enzymes 3.consume juices with stomach
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Chapter 13-32 Final Review
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Scorpions, unlike spiders, have pedipalps enlarged with claws
Which are arachnids- the microscopic water fleas or giant Japanese spider crabs? Neither
What disease can fleas carry? Bubonic Fleas
How many queens are found in colonies of social insects such as termites, ants, bees, and wasps?one
In a crayfish, on what body part are the swimmerets found? Abdomen
What subphylum of the phylum Arthropoda contains more species than all other groups of animals alive today?
Uniramia
What insect has mouthparts specialized for sipping nectar? butterfly
In flying insects, the tremendous energy required by muscles during flight is supplied by oversized mitochondria
In the relationship in which a large fish allows a small shrimp to crawl on it’s body, the shrimp is called a symbiont.
Which of the following is not being investigated as an application of a chemical from an arthropod? chitin sprayed
on fruit to prevent spoilage; use barnacle adhesive in dentistry; use spider venom as a pesticide; mosquito blood
preventing river blindness
In some arthropods, gills are used for both respiration and excretion.
Insects typically have three pairs of walking legs.
A queen honeybee prevents development of rival queens by producing the pheromone Queen Substance
Sleeping sickness and river blindness are diseases carried by biting fleas
An extract of Horseshoe Crab is used to test for purity of medicines.
Male crickets chirp to attract females by rubbing together their forewings.
The legs and bodies of worker bees are covered with hairs that collect pollen.
The enormous amount of energy required by insects during flight is supplied by oversized Mitochondria
How do centipedes obtain food? Herbivores
The Uniramia are thought to have evolved on land during the Devonian period, about 400 million years ago.
Chapter 29 Review
Echinoderms
1. Which “class” of echinoderms most closely resembles the starfish “class”? brittle stars
2. As the larvae of echinoderms become adults, their form changes from bilateral symmetry to radial symmetry.
3. The skeleton of an echinoderm is made up of hardened plates
4. In echinoderms, the water vascular system is involved with what type of activities? Feeding, respiration,
excretion, internal transport, movement
5. On which side of the starfish is the anus located? Aboral
6. Which of the following is not a part of the echinoderm’s water vascular system: madreporite; ring canal; radial
canals; skin gills
7. What are some members of the most ancient “class” of echinoderms? Feather stars, sea lilies
8. Does a starfish have any specialized systems? If so, what are they? Digestive system
9. What is the function of the statocysts? balance
10. What are the echinoderms that resemble warty, moving pickles? Sea cucumbers
11. Skeletal plates are reduced to tiny vestiges inside the soft, muscular body of a Sea Cucumber
12. What kind of symmetry do the larvae of starfish have? bilateral
13. Potential anti-cancer and anti-viral drugs are produced from chemicals extracted from Sea Stars + Sea
Cucumbers.
14. Several years ago in a wide area of the Pacific Ocean, extensive damage was done to coral reefs by the sudden
appearance of Crown of Thorns
15. In many coastal areas, the distribution of algae is controlled by Sea Urchins
16. Which term is least closely related to the others: chordate; vertebrate; invertebrate; lancelet
17. Only during the early part of embryonic life do most chordates have a notochord
18. In aquatic chordates, such as lancelets and fishes, the pharyngeal slits became the gills
19. Unlike most chordates, lancelets lack vertebral column
20. Lancelets move by bending their bodies back and forth because they lack appendages
21. Some scientists believe that the true chordate characteristic is pharyngeal pouches
22. What does the similarity in structure between vertebrates and invertebrates indicate about their ancestors?
Common ancestor
23. In some species of echinoderms, gas exchange occurs through which of the following: the anus; skin gills; radial
canals; statocysts
24. Echinoderms, like many invertebrates, excrete nitrogen-containing wastes primarily in the form of ammonia
25. An adult starfish has radial symmetry.
26. Certain stages in the development of echinoderms are similar to stages in the development of some chordates
27. What do echinoderms use their tube feet for? Feeding, movement, respiration, excretion
28. During the day, sea urchins wedge themselves in crevices in rocks
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Chapter 13-32 Final Review
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Most starfish move along the ocean bottom and prey on bivalves
The spines of some Sea Urchins are covered with sacs containing blue poisons.
Several years ago in the Pacific Ocean, extensive damage was done to coral by crown-of-thorns starfish.
In many coastal areas, the sea urchins control the distribution of algae
The muscles of a lancelet are arranged in paired V -shaped units.
Chapter 31 Review
Fishes and Amphibians
1. A vertebrate that has moist skin with glands, but lacks scales and claws is a(n) amphibian
2. If an amphibian still has a tail after it undergoes the process of metamorphosis, it is probably a salamander
3. As adults, both frogs and toads have hind legs adapted for jumping
4. To breathe, adult amphibians (unlike the larvae) use their lung
5. In the circulatory system of adult amphibians, the first loop carries what oxygen-content of blood, and to what
location? Oxygen-poor blood to lungs
6. Fishes are characterized by each of the following except: a bony skeleton; scales; fins; pharyngeal gills
7. Describe the first fishes according to their body covering and jaws. Covered with bony plates and jawless
8. The pectoral fins of fishes evolved into what structure in terrestrial animals? forelimbs
9. What is the largest known fish? Whale Shark
10. Discuss some of the extraordinary feeding adaptations of fish.1. Lighted lures to entice prey
11. 2. Shoot insects with drops of water 3. Long snout with teeth 4. Teeth fused into short beak
12. In fishes, blood from the muscles and organs collects in the sinus venosus
13. Give some examples of the jawless fishes. lamprey + hagfish
14. How do skates and rays move? Wing like pectoral fins
15. Why are coelacanths important in evolutionary history? Nearest ancestor to land vertebrates
16. Adult amphibians are vertebrates, but do they lay eggs with a shell on them? No
17. Huge amphibians became so numerous 345 to 285 million years ago that the term “Age of Amphibians” is often
applied to this period named carboniferous Period.
18. How do tadpoles, salamander larvae, and a few adult salamanders get rid of excess carbon dioxide? Skin
19. The heart of a tadpole has how many chambers? 2
20. In vertebrates, what are the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys? Ureters
21. In an amphibian, what does the nictitating membrane cover? Eye
22. In a frog, blood returning from the legs collects in the vena cava
23. The red eft is a stage of development of the crimson spotted newt
24. The circulatory system of a fish is called a single-loop.
25. If a fish is cartilaginous and has jaws, it is classified in the class Chondrichthyes
26. The kidneys of a freshwater fish pump out much dilute urine.
27. Salmon can distinguish between the odor of their home stream and others by using their chemo receptors
28. Give an example of an oviparous fish that cares for their young. Siamese fighting fish, stickle backs, catfish,
male seahorse
29. The heyday of the amphibians ended because climate change, altered habitats
30. How do adult amphibians typically get their food? Carnivores
31. What part of the frog and toad brain coordinates jumping? Cerebellum
32. Were the first fishes armored with jaws? No, they were jawless
33. How many species of living lobe-finned fishes are there today? 1 according to book, 2 according to her.
34. The feeding adaptation in fish that revolutionized vertebrate evolution was the Jaws
35. During the Ordovician and Silurian Periods, jawless fishes underwent a major adaptive radiation.
36. In moist woods, look under rocks to find toads.
37. Fishes in which embryos are nourished directly inside the body are called viviparous
38. Because of their external fertilization, frogs must be oviparous
39. A fish in which the teeth are constantly replaced throughout life is the Shark
40. The jawless armored fish were ultimately an evolutionary dead end.
Chapter 32 Review
Reptiles and Birds
1. The tuatara is the only surviving member of the order Rhynchocephalia
2. The only place on Earth that lacks reptiles are cold areas.
3. Birds maintain an extremely efficient gas exchange system, because they have air sacs
4. What is different about the reptile egg compared to the amphibian egg? Amniotic leathery shell
5. A developing bird embryo obtains nutrients from the egg’s yolk
6. A four-chambered heart is found among reptiles in the order Crocodilia
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Chapter 13-32 Final Review
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A reptile that moves without legs may be a snake
A tortoise is a reptile that lives where? On land
The ventral part of a turtle’s shell is called the plastron.
Which term is least closely related to the others: contour feathers; down feathers; general body feathers;
flight feathers
The great adaptive radiation of the reptiles took place during the Permian Period.
Reptiles whose hearts have two atria and two ventricles are in the Order Crocodilia
The largest living reptile that gives us some idea of what the dinosaurs looked like is the Komodo
Can a rattlesnake detect warmth given off by the body of an animal? Yes
An animal that has a tube in the floor of it’s mouth so it can breathe and swallow at the same time is a(n)
Snake
Reptiles eliminate liquid wastes through their cloaca
Snakes have organs in the roof of the mouth to aid what sense? smell
Snakes do each of the following to move except: press ventral scales against the ground; place their vestigial
limbs on the ground; expand the muscles around their ribs; contract their muscles in waves
The reptile that uses a pineal gland to detect changes in the length of day is the Tuatara
What are oviparous reptiles? Egg laying
There is little doubt that the first terrestrial vertebrates were called: ectotherms or endotherms?
How do reptiles control their body temperature? Absorbing heat from the environment
Unlike modern birds, Archaeopteryx had claws?
In some species of birds, food that is fed to the young is produced in the crop
Why would an endotherm use more food than an ectotherm of the same size? More calories are burnt because
they produce their own heat
Birds that drink large amounts of sea water will excrete salt from their salt glands located near their eyes
Penguins are birds that have feet and wings reduced to flippers
Among the following, birds are least useful in: pollinating flowers; dispersing plant seeds; eating insects;
destroying predators
During the late Triassic and Jurassic Periods, there was a great adaptive radiation of dinosaurs
Eagles and hawks are carnivorous birds that have sharp talons and beaks
At the end of the Cretaceous Period, the dinosaurs underwent a great mass extinction.
Some biologists think the mass extinction of dinosaurs resulted from the impact of a meteor
Animals that lay eggs that develop outside the mother’s body are called oviparous
When a baby chick is ready to hatch, it makes a small hole in the shell using it’s egg tooth
During a peacock’s breeding season, the male attracts the female by displaying bright-colored feathers.
Cold-blooded animals may have a body temperature higher than their surroundings.
Are birds that catch prey in sharp talons and pointed beaks likely to be carnivores or herbivores?
A bird’s heart pumps oxygen-rich blood to the wings.
Some migratory birds use a magnetic sense to navigate.
When you eat the “white meat” of a non-flying bird, you are eating muscles that were not used for flying.
Chapter 33 Review
Mammals
1. The most primitive mammals are the Monotremes
2. To release heat from their body when necessary, mammals use their sweat glands
3. Carnivores use each of the following to catch or grasp their prey except: sharp canines; flat molars; sharp claws;
bursts of speed
4. In a cow’s rumen, the enzymes needed to break down cellulose are produced by thriving colonies of symbiotic
bacteria
5. After a certain amount of time, a cow regurgitates plant food into the mouth from it’s rumen
6. The saliva of vampire bats contains a chemical that keeps blood from clotting
7. Giant blue whales use their baleen for filters/filter feeding
8. The size of the chest cavity increases when the diaphragm contracts
9. Many mammals are able to produce sounds when their vocal cords are forced to vibrate by exhaling air
10. The blood pumped from the heart to the lungs is deoxygenated
11. As mammals evolved, they developed each of the following characteristics except: mammary glands; viviparous
reproduction; endothermy; variable body temperature
12. The mammal heart has 2 atria and 2 ventricles.
13. In mammals, the chest cavity is separated from the abdomen by the diaphragm
14. The mammalian circulatory system consists of two closed circuits.
15. Marsupials did not experience great adaptive radiation in Europe
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Chapter 13-32 Final Review
16. Herbivores chew by moving their jaws in what type of movement? side to side
17. In mammals, the composition and levels of body fluids are controlled by the kidneys
18. Body functions such as breathing and heart rate are under the control of what part of the brain? medulla
19. The mammals that see color best do not include: monkeys; dogs; apes; humans.
20. Two animals that detect sounds of higher frequencies than humans are: dogs and elephants; elephants and cats;
dogs and bats; bats and cats.
21. To detect a distant predator, antelopes use their sense of sound and smell.
22. A marsupial that is not native to Australia is the opossum
23. The animal that is least closely related to the others is: mouse; rabbit; beaver; porcupine
24. Seals and bears are classified in the order carnivora
25. Each of the following is true except: leopards hunt and kill carnivores for food; squirrels feed on nuts and
seeds; herds of zebras eat their way across savannas; herds of reindeer eat lichens across the tundra
26. An ungulate is in either order Artiodactyla or order Perissodactyla
27. The toothless mammals are classified in the order edentata
28. A primate that uses it’s prehensile tail to swing from branch to branch is the spider monkey
29. Mammals that have a negative impact upon life include beavers
30. Mammals had split into 3 groups by the end of the Cretaceous period.
31. Are mammals ectothermic or endothermic?
32. Are all mammals oviparous? No, viviparous
33. The mammals that experienced a period of adaptive radiation in South America and Antarctica were the
marsupials
34. Mammals remain active and are able to function well after dark because they are nocturnal?
35. Vertebrate digestive systems have not evolved the ability to produce enzymes that digest cellulose
36. What type of reproduction do the monotremes have? Egg laying oviparous
37. In ruminants, food swallowed the second time goes to the rest of digestive system
38. A sloth spends most of it’s life hanging
upside down in trees.
39. At one time, the ancestors of seals and walruses lived on land.
40. Slow-moving herbivores that live in rivers and streams in parts of Florida and South America are in the order
sirenia
Chapter 34 Review
Humans
1. A primate’s three-dimensional view of the world is due to it’s binocular vision.
2. Humans belong to each of the following groups except: anthropoids; prosimians; hominoids; hominids
3. Among the following, the one that is least closely related to the others is: Carolus Linnaeus; Charles Darwin; On
the Origin of Species; two books on human evolution
4. Anthropoid branches separated when the continents were no longer joined by land bridges
5. The anthropoid branch that contains the Old World
monkeys does not include: lemurs; humans; great
apes; baboons.
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The tree-dwelling anthropoids with prehensile tails are classified as New World Monkeys
The two anthropoid branches separated about 45 million years ago.
What does the group of great apes include? Orangutans,chimps,gibbons
Hominids are classified according to what type of nutrition? omnivores
The search for the common ancestor of apes and humans is centered in Africa
What are the human’s closest living relatives? chimps
In appearance, people living today are most like the cro magnon
Each of the following is classified as Australopithecus except: robustus; erectus; boisei; afarensis
What is one major advantage that hominids have over other primates? Walk erect
The first group of mammals to have flexible fingers and toes were the Primates
What were some of the structures that contributed to the upright posture of humans?pelvic
bone,spine,legs,shorter arms,skull,
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Chapter 13-32 Final Review
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Adaptations that are not specific to hominids are opposable thumb
The footprints of two hominids together found by Mary Leakey is evidence that Austropithecus walked erect
The Australopithecus skeleton found by Johansen and White was known to be female by it’s pelvis
Compared with australopithecenes, Homo habilis did not have larger faces
How did Cro-Magnons differ from the Neanderthals? Didn’t have heavy set bodies
The first Homo sapiens appeared about 150,000 years ago.
The most recent evidence indicates that Neanderthal man was: primitive looking; fairly slender; hunched over;
covered in hair
Hominoids are also known as ______.
Ancient human tools and cultures are studied by archeologists
Scientists agree that humans and apes evolved from common ancestor
Compared with other mammals, primates have flatter faces.
All primates have flexible bodies
You can usually identify a prosimian by it’s binocular eyes.
The brain of a Homo sapiens is about _____ as large as a chimpanzee.
Primate spread from Africa to Europe to Asia.
In the caves of China, charred animal bones around firesites are evidence that Homo Erectus? used fire for
cooking half a million years ago.
If you unearthed stone and bone tools, spear points, chisels, and needles- you have found objects used by
Neaderthals?
Human ancestors were able to grasp tools because of their opposable thumbs
The anthropoids that are least closely related to the others are: great apes; humans; New World monkeys; Old
World monkeys
How did Linnaeus classify humans? In their own genus, homo.
The first Homo sapiens appeared about 150 000 years ago.
The complex behavior of primates depends mainly upon their environment
Each of the following is a prosimian except: lemur; loris; baboon; aye-aye
The first fossil placed in the genus Homo was Australopithecus
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