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Name ____________________________ Biotechnology Period ______ Date _____________ Manuel History of Vaccines/Illsville Worksheet Type Illsville: Fight the Disease — History of Vaccines into the Google search engine and click on the second link of the same name Welcome to Illville! – Vaccines Today”. It should take you to this homepage: Click on the “Welcome to Illsville” link. Scroll down and click on the larger image here. You may need to download flash to view the graphics that appear on this page. Near the top of the page locate the “All Timelines” link. Scroll down past the interactive time line to the “All Timelines Overview” to answer questions 1-4. Question 0. Who created and manages this site? _________________________________________________________________________ All Timelines Overview 1. Evidence exists that the Chinese employed smallpox inoculation (or variolation, as such use of smallpox material was called) as early as ________________. 2. Edward Jenner’s innovations, begun with his successful _________ use of _______________ material to create immunity to _________________, quickly made the practice widespread. 3. ________________ _______________’s 1885_____________ vaccine was the next to make an impact on human disease. And then, at the dawn of bacteriology, developments rapidly followed. Antitoxins and vaccines against ______________________, _______________________, _______________________, _______________________, _______________________, _______________________, _______________________, and more were developed through the 1930s. 1 4. Disease targets have expanded, and some vaccine research is beginning to focus on non-infectious conditions such as ___________________ and ____________________________. Next use the interactive timeline to answer questions 5-19. Timelines – All Topics 5. 1000 CE – What two methods did the Chinese use for inoculation? 6. 1648 CE – What disease caused the implementation of a strict quarantine in Boston, MA? 7. Write in the year for the introduction of variolation for each country. 8. __________ Africa 9. __________ Turkey 10. __________ England 11. 1806 – Which U.S. president advocated vaccination as a direct result of Edward Jenner’s work? 12. 6/17/1894 – In what state did the first documented polio outbreak occur and how many cases of permanent paralysis were reported? 13. 2/20/1905 – What was the supreme court’s decision in the case of Jacobson v. Massachusetts? 14. 1925 – Why is there a statue of a dog named Balto in Central Park New York City? 15. 1945 – The pneumococcal vaccine is overshadowed by the widespread use of what new life saver? 16. 1/28/1949 – John Enders, PhD and Thomas Weller, MD discover the ability to do what, leading to simpler, less expensive methods of producing large quantities of virus for vaccine production? 2 17. 1959 – Sabin’s live virus vaccine helped to vaccinate 10 million children in which country? 18. 1968 - Whose vaccine was phased out in this year? 19. 1972 – What routine vaccination was stopped in this year? Why? 20. Through the research of John Snow, Louis Pasteur, and Robert Koch, and many others, modern germ theory was developed. List the tenets of Germ Theory in the box below. Germ Theory - Click on the “Activities” link at the top of the page. Scroll down to the bottom of the page and click on the appropriate links to answer questions 20-56. Activities - History of the Immunization Schedule Write the first year each vaccination was administered and write either V for viral vaccine or B for bacterial. 21. ________ _____ DTaP 26. ________ _____ DTP 22. ________ _____ Pneumococcal 27. ________ _____ Hib 23. ________ _____ Varicella 28. ________ _____ Influenza 24. ________ _____ Smallpox 29. ________ _____ Meningococcal 25. ________ _____ MMR 30. ________ _____ Hepatitis B 3 Write the total number of vaccines administered during each 10 year period. 31. _____ 1945-1954 35. _____ 1985-1994 32. _____ 1955-1964 36. _____ 1995-2004 33. _____ 1965-1974 37. _____ 2005-Current 34. _____ 1975-1984 38. What is the difference between the DTP vaccine and the TDaP vaccine? 39. What replaced the measles vaccine in the 1970s? 40. What vaccine was stopped beginning in the 1970s? Why was it stopped? Activities - Koch’s Postulates 41. Which bacteria did Robert Koch identify? 42. What is the purpose of the set of principles called Koch’s postulates? 43. What are the four Koch postulates? 1. 2. 3. 4. Activities - Pioneer breakthroughs Match the disease to the vaccine creator. 44. Edward Jenner ___________________ 47. Jonas Salk ___________________ 45. Maurice Hilleman ___________________ 48. Max Theiler ___________________ 46. William Park ___________________ 49. Louis Pasteur ___________________ 4 Activities - How Vaccines are Made 50. How are viral cultures grown as opposed to bacterial cultures? 51. What step follows generating an antigen? 52. Why must antigens be purified? What are the roles of the following: 53. Adjuvant: 54. Stabilizers: 55. Preservatives: a. Perform a web search to find three preservatives (past or present) used in vaccinations. 1. 2. 3. 56. How is the uniformity of vaccine mixtures ensured? Activities - How Vaccines Work 57. Pathogens are covered with molecules called ______________________ that can trigger and immune response. 58. What is the function of an APC? 59. Where might immune cells cluster? 5 60. What do you think the term “naïve” means in the context of immune cells? 61. Vaccines help the body respond faster to an invading pathogen because of the creation of what types of white blood cells? 62. Plasma B cells release _____________________ to attack both attenuated vaccine pathogens and wt pathogens. Go back to the top of the page and click on the “ARTICLES” tab. In the green menu to the left, click on “The Future of Immunization” link. Watch the 3:13 minute video and answer the following questions. 63. For which non-pathogenic diseases does the interviewee believe we may be able to create vaccines? 64. What does he say about the application of future vaccines? Test your knowledge of how vaccines work with this activity. Drag each component of the immune system response to its proper place. Once you have completed the worksheet, click on the game “Illsville: fight the Disease”. If you are not able to finish the worksheet within the class period, finish it at home. We will review it the following day. 6 Vaccination Glossary 1. Vaccine – a suspension that contains a part of a pathogen that induces the immune system to produce antibodies that combat the antigen 2. Variolation (inoculation) process – outdated vaccination technique that requires that a needle tip of smallpox be placed in the vied of a patient 3. Herd immunity - the resistance of an unvaccinated group to attack by a disease to which a large proportion of the members are immune 4. Inoculation - a method of purposefully infecting a person with an organism in a controlled manner so as to minimize the severity of the infection and also to induce immunity against further infection. 5. Vaccination - the process of administering weakened or dead pathogens to a healthy person, with the intent of conferring immunity against a targeted form of a related disease agent. 6. Immunization - the process by which an individual is exposed to an agent that is designed to fortify his or her immune system against that agent. 7. Attenuated whole agent – vaccines designed for people who have a normal immune system; uses deadened living microbes to mimic the real infection to produce 95 % immunity over a long period of time; include tuberculosis bacillus, measles, rubella, Sabin polio, mumps 8. Booster – a supplemental vaccination 9. Inactivated whole agent – vaccines not designed for people who have an abnormal immune system; uses dead microbes; includes Salk polio, rabies, influenza, typhoid, and pertussis 10. Toxoids – made of toxins produced by viruses and bacteria that has been inactive; these require boosters every 10 years; includes diphtheria and tetanus 11. Subunit (recombinant) – vaccines with few side effects; uses fragments of microorganisms to create an immune response; created using genetic engineering techniques to insert the genes of an antigen into another organism; includes hepatitis B 12. Conjugated – fairly new vaccines; designed for children under 24 months; produced by combining a protein with a polysaccharide 13. Nucleic acid – vaccines all currently in animal testing stages; plasmids used to produce proteins that stimulate an immune response 14. Eradicated (i.e. smallpox) – the designation given to a disease by the WHO and other health organizations when it has been confirmed that no wild types of a given pathogen exist and no further cases of infection are considered possible 15. Charles Jenner – 18th Century English doctor, learned from a milkmaid that she believed herself protected from smallpox because she had caught cowpox from a cow 7 16. Koch’s postulates – method developed to identify a disease causing agent still used today 17. Jonas Salk – created the first polio vaccine using dead viral particles 18. Albert Sabin – developed an oral live polio vaccine 19. Haemophilus influenzae type b, or Hib, - a bacterium estimated to be responsible for some three million serious illnesses and an estimated 386 000 deaths per year, chiefly through meningitis and pneumonia. Almost all victims are children under the age of five, with those between four and 18 months of age especially vulnerable 20. Trivalent – a vaccine that contains three different diseases in one shot; ex. Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) 8