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Principles of Ecology Chapter 13 Ecologists Study Relationships • Interactions and Interdependence Ecology – • Biosphere Populations Species – Communities – Ecologists Study Relationships Ecologists Study Relationships Ecologists Study Relationships Communities are within the ecosystem (Ex. A reef in the ocean) Ecosystem – Ecologists Study Relationships Scientists often study species, populations, or communities in an ecosystem. • Levels of Organization Ecologists Study Relationships Biome – • Ecologists Study Relationships Ecological Methods Observing – first step Long term studies more beneficial-ecological change takes time Surveys Determining Population Size Catch and release Quadrat Sampling Ecologists Study Relationships Experimenting – used to test hypotheses Can do in the field or lab LabField- Modeling – gain insight Ecologists Study Relationships Biotic and Abiotic Factors • Living and Non-living components – Biotic – Abiotic - • Biodiversity Biotic and Abiotic Factors – The assortment, or variety of living things – Dependent on temperature, moisture – Keystone Species – Energy in Ecosystems • Producers – organisms that make their own food Autotrophs – Energy in Ecosystems Energy from the sun • Photosynthesis – Autotrophs use light energy to power chemical reactions that make energy – – Life without light Energy in Ecosystems • Chemosynthesis – – Bacteria deep in the ocean • Consumers – Energy in Ecosystems These are also referred to as heterotrophs • Feeding Relationships • Food Chains – Food Chains and Food Webs Types of heterotrophs • Herbivores • • • • Food Chains and Food Webs – Carnivores – Omnivores – Detritivores – Decomposers – • Specialist Food Chains and Food Webs – • Generalist – Food Chains and Food Webs Trophic Levels – Each step in a food chain or web • First level is __________________________________ • Second level on is consumers-usually herbivores • Tertiary consumers are usually _________________________________ • Each consumer depends on the trophic level ___________________________ it Food Chains and Food Webs _________________________ – Feeding relationships among many organisms in an ecosystem form a network of interactions Cycling of Matter • The ______________________Cycle (Water Cycle) – _______________________ – Water changes from a liquid to a gas – _________________________ – Evaporation from the leaves of a plant Cycling of Matter Clouds form from tiny drops of water collecting called condensation • Recycling in the Biosphere Cycling of Matter Biogeochemical cycles • – Energy moves in a one way fashion – Nutrients recycle • Nutrient Cycles Cycling of Matter ___________________________ – All the chemical substances that an organism needs to sustain life • Cycling of Matter – Most organisms use oxygen need oxygen – Plants release oxygen – Living organisms release carbon dioxide as a waste product Cycling of Matter The Carbon Cycle • ______________________ is passed on from one situation to another throughout the biosphere – Photosynthesis uses CO2 to make carbs – Carbs are eaten by other organisms – Organisms exhale CO2 during cellular respiration – All organisms eventually decay and the carbon is converted to coal or petroleum – Burning things releases stored CO2 into the atmosphere Cycling of Matter The Nitrogen Cycle • All organisms need _______________________ to make amino acids – What do amino acids make? – – 78% of Earth’s atmosphere Nitrogen gas (N2) – Other types: – Ammonia (NH3) Nitrate (NO3) Nitrite (NO2) – – _____________________ – N2 to NH3 Denitrification - NO3 to N2 – The Phosphorus Cycle Cycling of Matter • ____________________________ need phosphorus • This element does not go into the atmosphere • Phosphorus works its way through the food web • Nutrient Limitation Cycling of Matter – Ecologists look at the rate of production of producers – – Availability of nutrients can limit an ecosystem – Limiting nutrient • – Nitrogen in the ocean is the limiting nutrient • 0.00005% nitrogen • If runoff causes a drastic increase in nitrogen, then an algae bloom occurs Pyramid Models • _____________________________ – diagram that shows how much energy is transferred at each trophic level Biomass Pyramid Pyramid Models • ______________________ – Total amount of living tissue in a level – Represents the amount of potential food available at each trophic level ___________________________ Pyramid Models • Only about _____________________ of the energy is transferred to the next trophic level – More levels means less energy at the last level Pyramid Models Shows how many individuals there are in each level