* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chapter 5: Seed Plants
Ecology of Banksia wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Plant use of endophytic fungi in defense wikipedia , lookup
History of botany wikipedia , lookup
Ornamental bulbous plant wikipedia , lookup
Plant defense against herbivory wikipedia , lookup
Plant stress measurement wikipedia , lookup
Gartons Agricultural Plant Breeders wikipedia , lookup
Plant nutrition wikipedia , lookup
Plant secondary metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Venus flytrap wikipedia , lookup
Plant breeding wikipedia , lookup
Pollination wikipedia , lookup
Plant ecology wikipedia , lookup
Plant physiology wikipedia , lookup
Evolutionary history of plants wikipedia , lookup
Sustainable landscaping wikipedia , lookup
Plant morphology wikipedia , lookup
Perovskia atriplicifolia wikipedia , lookup
Plant evolutionary developmental biology wikipedia , lookup
Plant reproduction wikipedia , lookup
Chapter 5: Seed Plants Characteristics of Seed Plants -There are ____________species of seed producing plants. -All are vascular—this means they have ________________ for growth and for transporting _________ and _________ -Three types of vascular tissue: * ______________ --transports water and minerals * ______________--transports food *______________ --makes new xylem and phloem cells Seeds and Pollen -Seed producing plants do NOT have to rely on ___________ for ______________________. -They produce sperm cells inside ____________________ -The pollen grains deliver the sperm cells to the egg cells to form the __________ -A seed is a structure that contains a ________________ inside a protective __________________. How Seeds Become New Plants -A seed has three main parts: an ___________(young plant), _________________(cotyledon), and a ________________ (protective covering). -If a seed lands in an area where conditions are favorable, the plant sprouts out of the seed and _____________________. Seed Dispersal -Seeds can be dispersed (spread out through the environment) in many ways: *____________ *____________ *____________ to animals or clothing *Being ___________ by animals and then released in a new environment with the animal’s feces. *___________________ Germination -____________________ is when a seed begins to grow into a new plant. -Many stay _______________ until conditions are right -Seeds need proper ___________, ______________ and ____________________ to germinate. Some need sunlight, some need darkness. They use up their _______________ as they grow. Plant Organs -Plants have specialized organs for carrying out specific jobs. -Plants have three main types of organs: * ___________ * ___________ * ___________ Roots -Roots take in __________ and _____________; anchor plants in soil, store __________; prevent soil ____________ -Two types of root systems: *_________________--main root is larger than the other branching roots. Ex: carrots, radishes, and most trees. *_________________--many thin roots with other small roots branching out. Ex: grasses and corn Root Structure -A root’s structure is adapted for absorbing water and mineral from the soil. Stems -Stems function to ___________leaves and flowers; transport _________ and _________; some store food (underground, like potatoes and onions or above ground, like sugarcane); some make food through photosynthesis (like cacti). -Types: *_________________--soft and green (tulip) * _________________--hard and bark covered (tree trunk) Leaves -Leaves ____________________ and make food through ____________________. -Parts of a leaf: *Blade—large, flat part of leaf. It is usually the greenest part and has ______________ for making _________. *Petiole—thin ________ that connects the blade of the leaf to the plant’s stem *Cuticle—waxy, ________________ controls water loss *Epidermis—(surface cells) thin, outer layer of cells on ______________________ of the leaf. *Palisade layer—(upper leaf cells)—tightly packed cells trap the __________ in sunlight and carry out ______________________. *Spongy layer—(lower leaf cells)—widely spaced cells allow _________________ to reach cells for photosynthesis and __________ to escape into the air. *Veins—bundles of xylem and phloem running through the leaf to carry _________ and _________ *Stomata—tiny pores that allow _________________ to enter the leaf and ____________ and water vapor to move out. Controlling Water Loss -___________________ is the process by which water evaporates from a plant’s leaves. -The stomata of the leaf controls the _______ of transpiration. -The stomata can ___________________ to control how fast water is lost. Types of Seed Plants -Two basic types of seed plants: *___________________ *___________________ Gymnosperms -Gymnosperms—vascular plants that produce seeds inside cones -Seeds are _______ protected by a fruit they are formed in __________; they later fall out of these cones. -Leaves are ______________ or _______________. -Most are __________________; keep their leaves all year. -Four Divisions of Gymnosperms: *Division Ginkgophyta—ginkgos: deciduous gymnosperms with ___________________ leaves. Ex: Maiden-hair ginkgo (ginkgo biloba) *Division Cycadophyta—cycads: ______________ gymnosperms. Ex: Florida Cycad *Division Coniferophyta—conifers: most are evergreens with needle-like or scale-like leaves. Ex: pines, firs, spruces, cedars, junipers. *Division Gnetophyta—gnetum: most are __________ or ________________ found in the deserts of Asia, Africa and S. America. Ex: Welwitchia Reproduction in Gymnosperms -Most produce both _______ and _________ cones. -Wind carries pollen grains from male to female cones (________________) -A pollen tube grows from the pollen grain to the ovule. Sperm cells swim down the tube and fertilize the egg. A seed forms. (__________________) -Female cones mature and open, releasing their seeds during _______ or __________. -Seeds that fall may be carried away, eaten, or buried. (________________) -When conditions are right, some seeds grow into new pine trees. (_____________________) Importance of Gymnosperms -Gymnosperms have many important commercial uses: *______________________ *______________________ *________________________________________ ________________________________________ Angiosperms -Angiosperms—vascular plants that produce _________ inside ___________. *More than _______ of all plant species are angiosperms. *Angiosperm means ______________________ *All produce _____________ and ____________. *All belong to the Division __________________. The Structure of Flowers -Flowers come in all sorts of _________ sized and colors. -All have the same function: ____________________ Reproduction in Angiosperms -Pollen grains containing sperm cells are carried from ___________ to __________ (__________________). -A _______________ grows from the pollen grain to the ovule. Sperm swim down the pollen tube and fertilize the egg cells. (__________________). -__________ develop into seeds and the __________ becomes the fruit. Types of Angiosperms -Angiosperms are divided into two major groups: ____________ and ___________ Importance of Angiosperms -Angiosperms are an important source of __________ for all life on earth. -All of our __________ and ______________ are angiosperms -Angiosperms stabilize the atmosphere by taking in huge amounts of _________________ for photosynthesis and releasing ______________. -Other uses: ___________________________________ _____________________________________________ Plant Responses and Growth -A plant’s growth response toward or away from a stimulus is called a ______________. *Positive tropism—grows ___________ the stimulus *Negative tropism—grows ____________ the stimulus -Types of tropisms: *____________________--response to touch *____________________--response to light *____________________--response to gravity Plant Hormones -Chemicals called ________________ control plant tropisms. *Example: ______________ controls phototropism -Plant hormones also control ___________________, the formation of ____________________________, and the development and ripening of ____________. Seasonal Changes -The amount of ______________ a plant receives determines the time of flowering in many plants. -A plant’s response to these seasonal changes is called ______________________. Winter Dormancy -______________ is a period when an organism’s growth or activity stops. -Dormancy helps plants survive ___________ temperatures and lack of ____________________. -This process begins with the change of leaf color in the fall. *Leaves stop making _____________ and other pigment become ______________. *____________ and ____________ from the leaves move down the trunk and are stored for the winter. *Leaves _____________ to prevent water loss through ______________________. Life Spans of Angiosperms -Three different life cycles of angiosperms *_______________—complete their life cycle within one growing season. Ex: _________________________ *_______________—complete their life cycle in two years. Ex: __________________________ *_______________—live for more than two years and flower each year. Ex: ________________________ Feeding the World -World’s population: _____________________ -World’s population by 2050: may be as high as ___________ -How will farmers grow enough food? Possible solutions include: *________________________ *________________________ *________________________