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The History of Classification Taxonomy The study of ____________________ involves assigning each organism a universally _________________ name. For example, humans are known as ______________ _____________ to every scientist in the _________________! The science of taxonomy involves the classification of organisms according to ___________________ relationships. Historically, organisms were classified based on ______________________ similarities and differences. Taxonomic Categories Organisms are hierarchically classified into ___________________ specific groupings. The seven basic taxonomic categories are: ____________________, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and __________________; kingdom being the _______________ category, and species being the most __________________. Carolus Linnaeus The original classification system came from __________________ who used two categories ______________________ and ________________________. Linnaeus was the founder of taxonomy. Today, biologists still use this basic system of classification, but advances in the fields of genetics and ________________ theory has resulted in some of Linnaeus’ original categories being _______________ to better reflect the relationships among organisms. Classification Getting it Straight – So what does all this mean? Aristotle began a simple _____________________________ system by grouping organisms into ____ main groups: ________________________ and ___________________________. These groups were called kingdoms. Can you think of any problems with this classification system? ________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ People realized this problem. As a result, ________________________ systems are always ________________________ as we learn more about organisms. A scientist by the name of Carrolus Linnaeus developed the basis for today’s ____________________ classification system. Seven Level Classification System: “King P C O F G S ” 1) __________________________: Largest group, contains ________ number of organisms 2) ___________________________ 3) ___________________________ 4) ___________________________ 5) ___________________________ 6) ___________________________ 7) ___________________________: Organisms so closely related that they can __________________ and have _________________ offspring; _______________ group, contains ________________ number of organisms Kingdoms of Life 1. __________________: (bacteria) includes single-celled prokaryotic organisms. Divided into 2 kingdoms (archaebacteria and eubacteria) 2. ___________________ : includes single-celled eukaryotic algae, paramecium, euglenas, amoebas 3. ___________________: Includes eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic molds, yeast, and mushrooms 4. ___________________: Includes eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic organisms like moss, ferns, trees, and flowers 5. ___________________: Domain Bacteria Includes eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms Archaea Eukarya such as mammals, insects, fish, and worms. Kingdom Eubacteria Archae bacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Cell Type Prokayrote Prokaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Cell Structure Cell wall Cell wall Mixed Cell wall Cell wall, cellulose NO cell wall Body Form Unicellular Unicellular Mostly unicellular Both Multicellular Multicellular Nutrition Autotroph & Heterotroph Autotroph & Heterotroph Autotroph & Heterotroph Heterotrophic Autotrophic Heterotrophic Applying Linnaeus’ Classification System… Binomial Nomenclature (_______________________ _________________) Binomial nomenclature is _____________________________________________________________________. This system was developed to prevent confusion when identifying animals and plants. The two parts of the name consists of the last two parts of Linnaeus’s system. This is __________________ and ________________________. The language used is ____________________________, because it is a universal language. The rules are simple. 1. ___________________ name first, then ____________________ name. 2. _____________________ the genus name. 3. Write in _______________. Examples: Dendrobates azureus Species name = ___________________ Genus name = _____________________ Grizzly Bear | Ursus arctos Sarcorhamphus papa Species name = ___________________ Genus name = _____________________ Polar Bear | Ursus maritimus Panda | Ailuropoda melanoleuca 1. What is the genus of the Grizzly Bear? ________________ 2. What is the species of the Polar Bear? ________________ 3. Which two are most closely related? ________________________ 4. Why? _______________________________________________ 5. Which have a more recent common ancestor? Why? _________________________________________________________________ 6. Which organism would be most closely related to the panda bear? a) Ailurus fulgens b) Ailuropoda rufus c) Panthera rigus d) Ursus arctos