Download 1 - Net Start Class

1. latitude lines-imaginary lines running east and west measuring north and south of the
equator
longitude lines- imaginary lines running north and south measuring east and west of the
prime meridian
2. Prime meridian-0 degrees longitude-runs through Greenwich England
3. Globe-3 dimensional model of the earth
4. Map- 2 dimensional representation of the earth or part of the earth
5. Political Map- Map that highlights political boundaries and features (borders and cities)
6. Physical Map-Map that highlights physical features of the earth’s surface
7. Cartogram- map where land size is based on specific information instead of the actual
size and shape of the earth’s surface
8. Flow-Line Map-Map that illustrates movement by using arrows
9. Qualitative map-Thematic maps that use pictures, colors and shading to show different
themes and contrasting information
10. Movement11. H.E.I-How and why humans interact with and use the environment. Mining, dams,
farms, constructing of cities, etc…
12. Place13. Absolute Location- location using longitude and latitude coordinates
14. Relative Location- determining location by what is nearby
15. Formal region
16. Perceptual region- a region that sees itself as unique
17. GIS- a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage,
and present all types of geographical data
18. GPS- Global Positioning System- Device that uses satellites to determine absolute
location
19. Land Sat-A series of artificial satellites that monitor the earth's resources by
photographing the surface at different wavelengths.
20. Erosion- the movement of sediment by water wind or ice
21. Landforms- different shapes of the earths crust; valley, Mountain, plain, cape, plateau
22. Relief-change in elevation
23. Continental Drift Theory- the idea that the earth’s crust is broken into different plates that
are floating on the mantle. This theory explains, volcano activity, earthquakes, mountain
ranges and rift valleys
24. Crust, Mantle, Core
25. magma-molten rock beneath the earth’s surface
26. Atmosphere- Gases on the earth
27. Soil Factors
28. Ring of Fire- Area of volcanic activity along the edges of the pacific plate
29. Techtronic plate-a free-floating section of the earth’s crust
30. Lava-molten rock that has reached the earth’s surface
31. Fault- Crack in the earth’s surface where earthquakes can occur
32. Solar System-The sun and all it’s orbiting planets, moons, asteroids, and comets
33. Chemical Weathering- Change in a substance’s chemical make up; rust, corrosion
34. Lithosphere- The earth’s solid layer of rock; crust
35. Epicenter-Where an earthquake happens below the earth’s surface on the fault
36. Topography- Shape of the earth’s surface
37. Delta- area at the mouth of a river where sediment is deposited in a triangular shape
creating very fertile soil
38. Moraine-Deposited sediment of a glacier
39. Sediment-Weathered material
40. Loess-Wind blown sediment; causes wind erosion
41. Rain Shadow-Dry area on the leeward side of a mountain range; all the moisture is
trapped on the windward side
42. Convection- Precipitation created by heated, humid air rising high into the atmosphere
where it cools and condenses forming clouds and precipitation. Found along the equator
and hot humid areas
43. Greenhouse effect- layer of CO2 in the atmosphere that keeps earth from becoming too
cold. Too much CO2 results in too much insulation and increased worldwide
temperatures
44. Hurricanes-Low pressure storms created over warm ocean water that spin due to a
combination of convection and the earth’s rotation
45. Permafrost-Permanently frozen soil found in Tundra
46. Taiga- Forests made up of coniferous trees that stretch around the higher latitudes
47. Tornado Alley- Highest concentration of tornadoes in the world. In the southern great
plains of the USA
48. Weather- Conditions in the atmosphere at any given time
49. Climate- Average weather conditions of an area over a long period of time
50. Ecosystem-the specific types of organisms in an area and how they interact with each
other
51. Biome - regions such as grasslands, forests, desert, and tundra, that share
similar temperature and rainfall, and have similar species worldwide
52. Orographic precipitation- Warm moist air is pushed up a mountain, cools as it rises in
elevation and condenses into clouds and precipitation leaving dry air on the opposite side
of the mountain creating a rain shadow.
53. El Nino- abnormal heating of the pacific waters causing increased rain in the Americas
and drought in eastern Asia
54. La Nino- Abnormal cooling of the pacific resulting in dryer weather in mid latitudes near
the pacific and increased precipitation in the northern and southern pacific
55. Forest-Characterized by an abundance of trees
56. Grasslands- Characterized by having flat lands covered in grass; few trees
57. Desert- Characterized by dry climate and sparse plant life
58. Tundra- Characterized by having small plants; lichens and mosses as well as permafrost
59. Tropical Wet and Dry- Having a wet season and a dry season, closer to the equator
60. Marine West Coast- Found on the west coasts of continents, cool temperatures, much rain
61. Tropical Wet- Found along the equator- constant rain caused by high temperatures and
humidity
62. Semi-Arid- Found surrounding desert climates, characterized by small amounts of
precipitation and a lot of sunshine, great for agriculture.
63. Highland-Climates found at higher elevations
64. Ice Cap-found at the poles, characterized by constantly freezing temperatures and no
precipitation, dry
65. Mediterranean- found around the Mediterranean, Iran, southern Africa, Australia,
California and Chile. Characterized by hot dry summers and wet cool winters, good for
agriculture.
66. Humid Continental- Found on the eastern coasts of continents in higher latitudes, as four
distinct seasons
67. Humid Subtropical-Found in mid latitudes, hot summers, cool winters
68. Tundra-Nearly constant freezing temperatures at all times, winter is always dark, summer
is always in the daylight, has permafrost. Found near the arctic and Antarctic circles
69. Most of the world’s diamonds are located in southern and western Africa
70. Where is most of the world’s oil located? Middle East countries
71. Specialization- Producing what an area is best at producing, the area has abundant
resources aimed at this area of production
72. Infrastructure- Basic support systems of society and economies.
a. School systems, Power grid, transportation, systems, Water and sewage systems,
ample food production, etc…
73. NAFTA-Agreement to foster cheaper trade in between Mexico, USA, Canada
74. European Union-Union of European countries whose goal was to prevent conflict by
making member European countries economically interdependent
75. Desalinization- removing salt from ocean or other saline water for drinking, common in
the Middle East
76. OPEC- Cartel of oil producing countries whose goal is to control the supply and therefore
the price of oil
77. The United States imports most of its oil from Canada
78. By specializing in research, development and technology a country can be highly
developed with few natural resources; Japan
79. Money generated by the resources goes to a dictator, regional warlord or foreign
company instead of being dispersed within the country. Workers used to retrieve these
resources are often enslaved or paid very little so the economy of the country does not
grow. Leaders do not invest money in infrastructure not related to the retrieval of the
resource. Example: diamonds
80. The discovery of a new natural resource can create a pull factor by creating jobs
81. Air conditioning led to the Southern States becoming more populated
82. What transportation system greatly affected the settlement of the US? Transcontinental
railroad, interstate system
83. The goal of a communist system is to make everyone and everything equal by
government control of prices and wages
84. Free Market Economy-Prices and values are set in a free market based on supply and
demand
85. How was the new world negatively affected by Spain? Spanish introduced new diseases,
introduced non-native plants and animals, destroyed native civilizations through brutal
conquests
86. Which European country was the first to become industrialized? Great Britain; it was
isolated from the rest of European Affairs because it was an island; Britain has large coal
and iron deposits
87. Positive effects of Industrialization-cheaper products, mass production of medicines leads
to longer life spans
Negative effects of Industrialization-rapid urbanization led to rapid urbanization and the
spread of disease throughout major cities, massive amounts of pollution.
88. Globalization-Worldwide economic integration economies into one global
economy, mainly through free trade and free movement of capital
89. Positive effects of globalization- more job opportunities, Greater potential for
economic growth
Negative effects- Increase in gap between the rich and the poor, wealthy
countries dominate world trade, exploitation of workers and growers, less
opportunities for the poor to improve their situation
90. Push Factor- something negative that promotes migration away from a specific place
91. Pull Factor- something positive that draws immigrants to a specific place
92. commercial industry- mass produced items that are sold commercially
93. Cottage industry- home made goods sold from the home
94. Primary Activity-gathering raw materials
95. secondary activity- producing a finished product form raw materials
96. tertiary- providing a service
97. Quaternary- leaders, inventors and researchers; developers of new technology
98. Subsistence agriculture-Producing for survival
99. Economic Change100.
Human Factors for citiesPhysical factors for cities-people live near rivers and oceans for transportation and not in
mountains and deserts
101.
Problems with urban sprawl-increased traffic leads to pollution, congestion, and
deaths
102.
Negative effects of urbanization on cities-overcrowding, spreading of disease,
poverty
103.
Economic functions of a city104.
Specialized occupation- an occupation that requires a specialized skill or training
105.
Life in rural areas is more physically demanding, people are further from medical
and education centers
106.
What are the geographic characteristics of a city- near water, near transportation
routes
107.
Where are most South American Cities located? On the East coast
108.
What type of climate do people want to settle in? Mild climate moderate
temperatures and precipitation
109.
Concentric model of a city- inner city is the central business district surrounded
by low income housing and industry surrounded by middle to upper-class housing and
business surrounded by suburbs
110.
Where do slums exist? Outside the city because they cannot afford to live in the
city
111.
What did the Aztecs use Lake Texcoco for? The salt water lake was used for
fishing and defense
112.
Mexico City is the most populated city in the Americas
113.
Sustainable development is development that has a minimal impact on the
environment and its resources. By limiting the number of cattle in Patagonia, Argentina
prevented the spread of deserts caused by cattle overgrazing; use of windmills