* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Seed Plants – The Gymnosperms
Ecology of Banksia wikipedia , lookup
History of herbalism wikipedia , lookup
Plant secondary metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Plant nutrition wikipedia , lookup
Evolutionary history of plants wikipedia , lookup
History of botany wikipedia , lookup
Plant breeding wikipedia , lookup
Plant defense against herbivory wikipedia , lookup
Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus) wikipedia , lookup
Plant physiology wikipedia , lookup
Plant use of endophytic fungi in defense wikipedia , lookup
Ornamental bulbous plant wikipedia , lookup
Plant evolutionary developmental biology wikipedia , lookup
Plant morphology wikipedia , lookup
Plant ecology wikipedia , lookup
Ginkgo biloba wikipedia , lookup
Flowering plant wikipedia , lookup
Flora of the Indian epic period wikipedia , lookup
Sustainable landscaping wikipedia , lookup
Plant reproduction wikipedia , lookup
Perovskia atriplicifolia wikipedia , lookup
The Gymnosperms Phylum Cycadophyta – The Cycads (“palm plants”) Primitive plants, native to the _____________________ Generally have a short, thick _________________ with a crown of palm like leaves They have separate male and female plants (called ______________________) with large cones at the top. Cycads are __________________ growing, which help to explain their decline Many are endangered as they are used by people as _____________________ Also, arrowroot starch was once extracted from the plant and used as a __________________ for cooking o However, care must be taken as it is ________________ if not prepared correctly (cause gastrointestinal issues and liver failure) Phylum Ginkgophyta – The ginkgos (“silver apricot plant”) Just 1 species remains – Ginkgo biloba – called the _________________________ tree / fern Chinese _____________________ placed them around their temples, possibly saving them as they are ___________ in the wild Ginkgo leaves will turn yellow in the autumn and fall off (a ____________________ tree). It is the only type of gymnosperm that regularly does this. They are very resistant to ____________________ and male plants are generally planted in urban areas. o Female trees are not planted as their fruit produces a compound called butyric acid as it matures. This chemical has the smell of _____________________________ The seeds of these plants is completely exposed, not even a _____________________ These are another example of a _________________ plant (separate sexes) Ginkgo seeds are often eaten, especially at ___________________ Extracts from the ginkgo are proven to improve ____________________________, which helps with brain and lung function Phylum Gnetophyta – One phylum with 3 diverse classes of plants Gnetum are gentophytes that have large leathery leaves or can be tropical vines Gnetum is eaten in Java after being boiled in ______________________ Ephedrales – densely branched shrubs with tiny leaves in _________________ climates Produces __________________________, a chemical derived from the plant that acts as a stimulant and can be used for _________________________________________________ Also produces ________________ tea, a native American cure for venereal disease and to make a ____________________ Welwitschia – found in ________________________ Has a large ________________ like root that be a feet long and store gallons of _________________. The exposed part is a low woody crown the branches into 2 leaves that become frayed as they brush against the sand. Biggest human use is for __________________ storage Phylum Coniferophyta – conifers – (“cone bearing plants”) Largest of the phylum Most live in _______________ or ______________ regions and have adaptations, such as ________________ In addition to the adaptations we discussed, needles also contain _________________, a substance that acts as an _________________ and prevents organisms from eating them. When exposed to the air, resin hardens and becomes _______________, a hard yellow substance that can be used for studying ancient creatures (because it traps and preserves them) which some people make into ________________________ Only 2 species in the phylum, the larch and the bald cyprus, are deciduous. Most of the species are __________________, meaning male and female on the same plant. Generally the smaller ________________ cones are near the bottom and the larger _______________ cones are near the top. Pollen (________________) cones are generally _______________ lived, producing clouds of pollen in the ______________________. If pollen falls on the correct female cone and fertilizes the egg, a liquid will evaporate and close the scales of the cone. It may stay this way from a few _________________ to a few _______________________. When mature, the cone will open and the _____________________ can be dispersed. Pines seeds are used by humans because they have a high _____________ content and can be used to make _______________, _____________, __________________etc Conifers have MANY other important economic uses to humans. The _____________________ and __________________ plants on Earth today are conifers. Some coast redwoods can reach ________________________ feet The general Sherman is one of the largest sequoias (by ____________________) on record, with a measurement of _______________ feet at the base. If you cut it down you could make ___________________ toothpicks or __________________ houses. There is a bristle cone tree in NV that is estimated to be _______ years old – called Methuselah Conifers were used by the crown to make ____________________, and this provided the term “___________________________________” Conifers are edible and the needles were used by sailors to make _____________ ______________ and also spruce ___________ made by the Native Americans. Turpentine, a ____________________, rosin (for _____________________) and pitch are all products made from pine secretions The drug __________________ was originally derived from the yew tree and is beneficial in fighting _______________________ Yew berries, which are not actually berries, but adapted cones, are used to make ___________________ They are used as telephone poles and toilet seats. Many wood structures, furniture, etc are produced by _______________________ Many species, such as the redwood and cyprus are also significant as the wood is resistant to _____________________