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Origins of the Cold War, 1945-1963
Democracy vs. Communism
Identify the Major Political and Governmental
Changes During the Cold War Period
• The division of Germany and
Berlin among the Allies was
settled during the Yalta
Conference. Germany was
divided into 4 zones. Great
Britain, France, Russia and the
U.S. each controlled a zone.
• Communist governments in
Eastern Europe were known as
Soviet “satellites”. They revolve
around a Soviet sphere,
meaning they are subject to a
very high level of control from
Moscow.
• In 1948, Israel was created. Palestine
•
was divided into independent Arab and
Jewish states with Jerusalem as an
international city. The Jews accepted
the plan, but the Arabs did not. Six
major wars have occurred since.
Mao Zedong and the communist victory
in the People’s Republic of China, gave
the Soviet Union a powerful ally in Asia.
Identify the Major Political and Governmental
Changes during the Cold War Period Cont’d
• The formation of a democratic
government in Japan was of
strategic importance to the U.S.
in the containment of Soviet
expansion.
• The end of WWII brought a
division of Korea at the 38th
parallel. The Soviets controlled
the North, while the U.S. held
the South. Once both forces
pulled out, tensions mounted.
• The division of Vietnam was
established at the 17th parallel.
This separated the Communist
North, with the U.S. backed
South
Describe the Political and Economic differences
between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. during the Cold
War
• United States
• U.S.S.R
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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Democratic government
Individual ownership
Freedom of expression
Capitalism
Dictatorial government
State ownership
State censorship
Communism
Describe the Causes and Effects of the
Anticommunist crusade of the Early 1950’s
• The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) began
investigating potential communists in the U.S. This put the public in
an anti-communist hysteria. People became very suspicious of others
political ideology.
• Blacklists~ a list of persons who are disapproved of and are punished,
such as by being refused jobs.
• McCarthyism~ a term for the use of unproved accusations against
political opponents.
Describe the Purpose and Organization of the United
Nations
• The purpose of the United
• The National Security
Council argued that
the U.S. could not rely
on other nations to
contain the spread of
communism.
Nations is to preserve
international peace by settling
disputes between and among
nations.
Describe the Purpose of the Military Alliance Formed
During the Cold War Period
• The North Atlantic Treaty
Alliance or simply: NATO was
established when the U.S. and
the other countries in Western
Europe thought that the best
way to contain the spread of
communism was through
mutual defense. The
agreement stated that “an
armed attack against one, shall
be considered an attack against
all”.
• The Warsaw Pact was
established as a rebuttal to
NATO. The Soviet Union created
this alliance with the other
governments of Eastern Europe.
• Europe is divided in two!
Describe the Truman Administration’s Responses to
Foreign Policy Challenges of the Cold War
• The Marshall Plan was a
program sparked by George
Marshall that gave economic
aid to war torn Europe. This
program was vital to the
containment of communism in
Western Europe.
• The Truman Doctrine is a policy
of containment given by Harry
Truman that was a commitment
to help nations threatened by
Soviet expansion.
• The Berlin Blockade was the
Soviets response to a united
West Germany.
• Avoiding the use of military
force, Truman enacted a 10
month airlift of vital supplies to
Berlin. The Berlin airlift
successfully saved the city from
Soviet expansion.
• Containment~ the U.S. would
try to “contain” Soviet
expansion through limited
military means in strategic hot
spots.
Identify the Causes and Results of the Korean War
• Invasion of South Korea by North Korea~occurred after American troops pulled
•
out of South Korea. N. Korea crossed over the 38th parallel and decided to
unify the country by force.
The Chinese supported the North Koreans and their Communistic ideals with
troops and military equipment.
• The Creation of a demilitarized zone ended the war by selecting a region
where military forces could not enter. This is known as the 38th parallel.
• A stalemate is a situation where neither side is able to gain enough ground to
achieve a decisive victory. The stalemate in Korea lasted almost 2 years, with
most of the fighting occurring along the 38th parallel.
The Arms Race
Both the United
States and the
Soviet Union built
many weapons in an
effort to surpass
the other’s military
strength.
The Space Race - Sputnik
On October 4,
1957, the
Soviet Union
successfully
sent into space
the world’s first
satellite called
Sputnik.
The Space Race - Vanguard
• In December of 1957,
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the United States tried
to launch its own space
satellite, Vanguard.
The rocket rose a few
feet off the launching
pad – and then exploded.
The foreign press made
fun of the launch calling
it “Flopnik”
and“Stayputnik”.
New Foreign Policy
• Secretary of State
•
John Foster Dulles
became Eisenhower’s
most important foreign
advisor.
He proposed -
– Massive retaliation – an
instant nuclear attack if
the Soviet Union
attacked any nation
– Brinkmanship – bringing
the Soviets to the brink
of war
Domino Theory
Eisenhower believed
that if one nation in
Asia fell to
Communism, others
would also fall. As a
result we aided antiCommunist
governments.
Geneva Summit
• A summit is a meeting
•
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of heads of government.
Eisenhower, Soviet
officials, and Nato
leaders met in Geneva,
Switzerland to discuss
disarmament and
German unification.
The conference’s
friendly atmosphere
renewed hopes for
peace.
The Cold War Thaws
When Soviet
dictator Josef
Stalin died in 1953,
Nikita Khrushchev
became the new
Russian dictator.
Both Eisenhower and
Khrushchev were
interested in easing
Cold War tensions.
The U-2 Incident
• An American spy plane,
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•
U-2, flew over Soviet
territory to photograph
Soviet nuclear sites and
military bases.
The Soviets shot down
the plane on May 1, 1960
and captured the pilot,
Francis Gary Powers.
As a result, the Cold
War began to freeze up
again.