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DNA /RNA/Protein Synthesis Study Guide
 What is DNA and what is its structure?
Deoxyribonucleic acid – double helix – antiparallel which means on strand is 5’ – 3’ and the other complementary strand
runs 3’ – 5’

What makes up the sides of the DNA ‘ladder’, and how are they bonded?
Deoxyribose = sugar + phosphate group – bonded together by hydrogen bonds.
 What makes up the rungs of the DNA ‘ladder’ and how are they bonded?
Each rung of the ladder is a nucleic acid bonded to their complementary nucleic acid held together by hydrogen bonds.

Why does A bond with T and G bond with C?
Adenine & Guanine are purines = double rings
Thymine & Cytosine are pyrimidines = single ring
Adenine bonds with Thymine in DNA & Guanine Bonds with Cytosine - #A’s = #T’s, #C’s = #G’s
 How are DNA and RNA similar and different?
RNA = single stranded, Uracil instead of Thymine, RNA can move outside the nucleus, DNA cannot
DNA = double stranded, No Uracil, Can only stay inside the nucleus.

What does antiparallel mean?

Does each strand carry the same gene? (explain) Yes, each strand is COMPLEMENTARY to the other.

What is DNA replication and where does it occur?
Process of copying DNA – occurs in nucleus
 What is Semiconservative Replication?
After DNA replication, results in each DNA strand having 1 original + 1 copy of DNA

What is Helicase?
The enzyme (protein) which opens up the double strands of DNA by breaking/melting they Hydrogen bonds.
 What is DNA Polymerase?
The enzyme (protein) which binds the new nucleotide bases to the new DNA strand.
 What is a mutation?
When mistakes cause changes in DNA resulting in errors
RNA and Protein Synthesis
 What are the monomers and polymers of nucleic acids?
Monomer = nucleotide = nitrogen base + sugar (DNA = deoxyribose, RNA = ribose) + phosphate group
Polymer = DNA or RNA

What are the three types of RNA and what does each do?
tRNA = transfer RNA = contains an anticodon complementary to an mRNA strand + amino acid
rRNA = ribosomal RNA = contains enzymes to “read” mRNA strands to make proteins
mRNA = messenger RNA = complementary to DNA strand which relays the message of which proteins to make

What is transcription and where does it occur?
DNA  mRNA and occurs in nucleus
 What is translation and where does it occur?
mRNA  protein and occurs on ribosomes in cytoplasm.

What are codons and anticodons?
1 Codon = 3 nitrogenous bases read by 1 anticodon = 3 nitrogenous bases (complementary ) = 1 amino acid
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Write examples of complementary strands of DNA and the mRNA that goes with each strand.

Write an amino acid sequence then work backwards to write out the sequence of mRNA that codes for it, then
finally write out the DNA that lead to the mRNA.