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Chapter 1 Review Questions 1. a) Give one example of a producer and one example of a consumer. b) What is the difference between them? 2. a) What is an ecosystem? b) What is the difference between an aquatic ecosystem and a terrestrial ecosystem? c) Give an example of each type of ecosystem. 3. State whether each of the following statements are true or false. a) Productivity is the energy of producers that is available to consumers. b) The total dry mass of plant or animal matter is its biomass. c) A rabbit and a cow are in different trophic levels. d) The carrying capacity is the lowest population of a species that can live in a particular environment. e) A flood that drowns most of the animals of species X in an area is an example of density-dependent population regulation. 4. a) By what means does energy move from the sun to grass? b) How does it move from grass to fox? c) What percentage is typically given off from one trophic level to the next? 5. In a study area, there are 558 of species A, and 7 of species B. a) Which species is most likely to be an herbivore, and which is most likely to be a carnivore? b) How do you know? 6. Only about 10% of the energy in the food that is eaten by a consumer is available to the next consumer in a food chain. What happens to the remaining energy in the food chain? 7. If you eat a meal with a mass of 300g, you do not increase your mass by the same amount. Explain why. 8. Suppose that there is a transfer of 10 percent of biomass at each link in the following food chain: phytoplankton --> zooplankton --> small fish --> medium fish --> tuna --> human What biomass of the phytoplankton is required to supply a human family with 1kg of tuna for dinner? (i.e. put 1 kg for human and work backword) 9. a) What is intraspecific competition? Give an example. b) What is interspecific competition? Give an example. 10. Decide if each example is a density-dependept or density-independent factor: a) Forest Fire b) Food shortage c) Volcanic eruption d) Aggression and competition e) Disease 11. Brewer's yeast is a micro-organism that produces ethyl alcohol as a waste product of its metabolism. It is used to make beer and wine. Suppose that a wine maker adds 500 brewer's yeast cells to a vat of grape juice. Every 15 minutes, the organism doubles. a) Create a table for 3 hours. b) How many cells are present after 3h? c) What do you think will limit the growth of this yeast population? d) Is the factor you named in your answer to part b) density dependant or density independent? 12. a) Is it a more efficient use of the sun’s energy for people to eat vegeatables, beef or salmon? b) Explain your answer and draw a food chain for each choice. 13. Describe two ways you might increase the carrying capacity of a backyard ecosystem for birds. 14. The diagram below shows a food web in the Antarctic Ocean. a) Why might a decline in the population of baleen whales lead to an increase in the populations of seals, penguins, and krill-eating fish? b) What might happen to the other species if the populations of baleen whales increased but the population of krill stayed the same? Explain your answer. c) Draw one food chain from this food web. d) If the plankton were gone from this web, what would happen? Is this worse than the baleen whales being gone? Explain. e) If the baleen whales were gone would the biodiversity be greater or less? Why? 15. The productivity of different ecosystems varies. a) What is the best type of ecosystem for productivity? What makes it so good? b) What is the worst type? 16. Explain what is meant by biomagnification. What happens in the following food chain if DDT was eaten by the minnow? Algae minnow tuna human 17. What are the three types of ecological pyramids? What units are used in each? 18. What trophic level is at the bottom of each pyramid? 19. Circle the carrying capacity in each graph. a) b) c) d) 20. Our human population has tripled. According to what we know of other species, this means we are overpopulated. What could happen to the human race? Give specific reasons for this. 21. Why has the human population tripled? 22. Give a reason why monocultures are good. Give a reason why monocultures are not good. 23. Where does all of our energy come from? 24. Draw a food chain with 4 links. a) Label it in terms of trophic levels. b) Label it in terms of producers, primary consumers, etc. c) Label it in terms of plants, herbivores, carnivores, top carnivores. d) Why do the arrows go a certain way? 25. Determine if each factor is biotic or abiotic. a) b) c) d) e) Food shortage Aggression Hurricane Water Soil f) g) h) i) j) Sunlight Wind Increased producers Increased predators Decrease in prey The Carbon Cycle 1. Complete the paragraph: The two basic life processes involved in the carbon cycle are ____________________ and ____________________. Both plants and animals perform ____________________, but only plants carry on ____________________. During photosynthesis, green plants take ____________________ and ____________________from the atmosphere. Using the energy from the ____________________, water molecules break down and the hydrogen atoms from the water combine with the CO2 to form ____________________ (C6H12O6). The oxygen from the water molecules is given off into the ____________________. The carbohydrates made during photosynthesis help make other organic compounds (compounds with carbon in them). Plant-eating animals use these organic compounds to grow, move, reproduce and perform other life activities. These animals, in turn, are eaten by other animals who use the same compounds. During cellular respiration, ________________ and ______________ are reactants. As a result, ____________________ is given off into the atmosphere. When plants and animals die the organic compounds in them break down. Fossil fuels also give off ____________________ into the atmosphere when they are burned. 2. Complete the table below by choosing true or false: Type of Cellular Organism Respiration Producer Photosynthesis Takes Takes in Gives Gives off in CO2 O2 off CO2 O2 Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Decomposer 3. On a separate piece of paper, sketch a diagram of the carbon cycle and label the following (Some labels may be used more then once): Producers Consumers Decomposers Dead organisms/waste Photosynthesis Oxygen Carbon dioxide Cellular respiration The Nitrogen Cycle 4. Complete the paragraph: ____________________% of the atmosphere is nitrogen. The nitrogen cycle involves green plants, animals and several kinds of bacteria. Nitrogen gas, which is unusable by most living organisms, is fixed during the process of ____________________ by bacteria called ____________________. (In aquatic environments, this bacteria is called ____________________). This process turns the nitrogen gas into ____________________. Plant roots then absorb this from the soil (or water) and use them to make ____________________ and ________________. Animals get proteins by eating other animals or plants. Animals do not use all the proteins; some are broken down and released as waste, which contains nitrogen in the form of ____________________. Then, ____________________ bacteria in the soil or water break down these compounds even further and make them into ____________________ to be usable by plants again. Bacteria also break down dead organisms. Nitrogen from a decaying organism’s protein combines with hydrogen to form ____________________. This form of nitrogen is actually poisonous to most plants and animals. Since it cannot be absorbed by plants, ____________________ bacteria convert it into ____________________, a useable form of nitrogen for plants. Sometimes, though, these nitrates are turned back into ____________________ and released into the atmosphere to complete the cycle. This is called ____________________ and it is carried out by ____________________ bacteria. 5. List the three main processes in the Nitrogen Cycle. a) _________________________________________________ b) _________________________________________________ c) _________________________________________________ d) 6. On a separate piece of paper, draw and label the nitrogen cycle using the following terms (Terms can be used more than once): Nitrogen gas, ammonium and nitrates Nitrogen fixation and nitrogen fixing bacteria (Rhizobium and cyanobacteria) Denitrification and dentrifying bacteria Nitrification and nitrifying bacteria Producers, consumers and decomposers Science 10 Review for Test on Chemistry The Basics 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What are the 3 subatomic particles? What subatomic particle has a positive charge? What subatomic particle has a negative charge? What subatomic particle has no charge? What subatomic particle(s) is found inside the nucleus? What subatomic particle(s) is found outside the nucleus? 7. What subatomic particle(s) has no mass? 8. What subatomic particle(s) has mass? 9. What is the difference between an ion and an atom? 10. What is an isotope? 11. For each atom, complete the table using your periodic table. Element Element Atomic Atomic Number Name Symbol Number Mass of Protons Number Number of of Electrons Neutrons Carbon 3 1 Pb 20 12. Isotopes For each isotope, complete the table using your periodic table. Isotope atomic mass # of # of # of symbol # # protons neutrons electrons 17 17 35 Cl 30 Cl 1 1 H 2 1 H 13. True or False. If it is false, explain why. a) Protons always equal electrons. __________________ b) Protons always equal neutrons. __________________ c) The atomic mass is found in the nucleus. __________________ Ions or Atoms 14. For each ion or atom, complete the table using your periodic table. Decide if each is a cation, anion or atom. Remember, for a nuclear symbol you must include all relevant numbers. Nuclear Symbol 40 18 Charge p+ 2+ 4 n0 9 Ar 5 0 80 35 e- 2 Si Br 1 Trends 15. What is a valence shell? 16. What is a valence electron? 6 Cation, Anion, or Atom 17. The periods on the table indicate the number of _________________. 18. The groups on the table indicate the number of _______________. 19. The transition metals are found where on the periodic table? 20. The noble gases are what group? 21. The alkaline earth metals are what group? 22. What is the family name for group 1? 23. What is the family name for group 17? 24. La is part of what period? 25. Ac is part of what period? 26. An ionic bond is formed between a ____________________ and a ________________. 27. Some groups do not have family names. Name an element in a group without a family name. 28. Where are the metalloids found on the periodic table? Give an example. 29. Where are the metals found on the periodic table? Give an example. 30. Where are the non-metals found on the periodic table? Give an example. 31. The atomic weight of manganese is ________________. 32. The atomic weight of helium is ___________________. 33. Why is Helium special? 34. Why is Hydrogen in its own family? 35. How many valence electrons does Cl have? 36. Draw a Bohr diagram for Cl. 37. Draw an electron dot diagram for Cl. 38. How many valence electrons does Li have? 39. Draw a Bohr diagram for Li. 40. Draw an electron dot diagram for Li. 41. How many valence electrons does C have? 42. Draw a Bohr diagram for C. 43. Draw an electron dot diagram for C. 44. How many valence electrons does P have? 45. Draw a Bohr diagram for P. 46. Draw an electron dot diagram for P. 47. How many valence electrons does Mg have? 48. Draw a Bohr diagram for Mg. 49. Draw an electron dot diagram for Mg. 50. What ion will K form? 51. What ion will Mg form? 52. What ion will Br form? 53. What ion will Al form? 54. What ion will S form? 55. Will He form an ion? Why or why not? 56. Will Xe form an ion? Why or why not? 57. Will Ca form a cation or anion? 58. Will Se form a cation or anion? 59. Will I form a cation or anion? 60. Will Cs form a cation or anion? 61. Name an element that could become a cation or an anion. 62. Most elements on the periodic table are (solids, liquids, or gases) _________ 63. Most metals are (solids, liquids, or gases) _________ 64. Most non-metals are (solids, liquids, or gases) _________ 65. Metalloids are found where on the table? _________________ 66. What is a metalloid? 67. Give an example of a metalloid. 68. List 3 properties of metals. 69. List 3 properties of non-metals. 70. List 3 properties of metalloids. Ionic and Covalent Bonds 71. a) Show me how aluminum and bromine would make a compound (draw the electron dot diagrams for the elements and use arrows to show the transfer). b) How many aluminum atoms are needed? _________________ c) How many bromine atoms are needed? ____________________ d) What would the compound’s name be? _______________________________ e) What would the compound’s formula be? _________________________ 72. Why is argon not likely to form a compound with another element? 73. Covalent bonds occur between a ________________ and a ______________. 74. Which of the following would make ionic bonds? HOW DO YOU KNOW? a) Na and Cl b) H and Cl c) Na and F d) Al and H e) N and F f) H and O g) C and S h) Be and S 75. Which of the following would make covalent bonds? a) Li and C b) C and H c) N and I d) K and O e) Mg and O f) O and C g) N and F h) Al and P HOW DO YOU KNOW? 76. Metals become (cation or anion). ________________ 77. Non-metals become (cation or anion). ________________ 78. Page 176/177, questions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 25 79. Page 154, question 5, 6, 7 80. What is an electrolyte? How can you tell if a compound will be an electrolyte? 81. Page 166, question 3. 82. Page 208/209: 1, 3, 4*, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12a, 13, 14 83. Page 238/239: 3*, 8, 17, 20, 21