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Biology End of Course Test Review Cells Assessment of this domain will focus on the relationship between form and function in all cells 1. relating common organelles to their functions. These organelles include, but are not limited to: a) mitochondrion – The Powerhouse of the cell – a membrane bound organelle that makes energy available to the rest of the cell b) Golgi apparatus - a flattened stack of tubular membranes that modifies proteins and packages them for distribution outside the cell c) Vacuole - a membrane bound vesicle for the temporary storage of materials d) Nucleus - control center of the cell that contains coded directions for the production of proteins and cell division e) Ribosome – organelles that help make proteins f) Chloroplast - a double membrane organelle with thylakoids containing chlorophyll where photosynthesis takes place 2. differentiating between prokaryotes and eukaryotes Cells without a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles. Organelles – flagella, ribosomes, cell wall, plasma membrane, pili, and capsule Pro = NO Cells that contain a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles. Organelles – see above Eu = True 3. comprehending the role of the cell membrane in maintaining a constant internal environment The property of the membrane that allows certain materials to pass through the cell while keeping others out is called _Semi-permeability________ Polymer Use Phospholipid Selective permeability bilayer Proteins Transport proteins Receptor proteins Carbohydrate ID tags chains Additional Information Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic portions Contribute to selective permeability Define the cell’s characteristics and help cells identify chemical signals 4. understanding the mechanisms (active and passive transport) required to maintain homeostasis in unicellular and multicellular organisms Active Transport Passive Transport With or against the concentration gradient? Examples: Against – requires energy With – does NOT require energy - Endocytosis – process in which a cell surrounds a substance in the outside environment, enclosing the substance in a portion of the plasma membrane - Exocytosis – secretion of materials from the cell into the environment – it exits the cell - diffusion – net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration - facilitated diffusion – transport proteins move ions and small particles across the plasma membranes - osmosis – diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane 5. determining chemical elements that are essential constituents of organic molecules – essential elements are Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen 6. comparing the function of basic organic molecules in cells – see table below 7. determining the properties of basic biomolecules in living organisms – see table below Polymer Monomer Examples/Uses Carbohydrates monosaccharide Store energy (quick use), provide structural support Proteins Amino acids Lipids Fatty acids Nucleic Acids Nucleotides Transport substances, speed reactions, provide structural support, make hormones Store energy (long term energy), provide barriers Store and communicate genetic information 8. comprehending the lock and key action of enzymes in catalyzing biological reactions All enzymes have 3 things in common: 1. substrates – the reactants that bind to the enzyme 2. active site – the specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme 3. Induced fit: The way the active site changes shape to "embrace" the substrate Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering its activation energy ,which is the energy required to start the reaction. Know These: Substrates: Products: Active Site: See above the changed substrate See above 1. Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have the capacity to A assemble into multi-cellular organisms B establish symbiotic relationships with other organisms C obtain energy from the Sun D store genetic information in the form of DNA 6. The assembly of proteins in a cell takes place in the A nucleus B vacuoles C ribosomes D mitochondria 2. Inside eukaryotic cells are membrane -bound structures called A cell walls B cilia C organelles D cytoplasm 7. Which of the following is an organism whose cell(s) lack(s) membrane-bound organelles? A nucleolus B chromatin C eukaryote D prokaryote 3. The function of the cell organelle circled below is to produce energy. 8. In all reptiles, birds, and mammals, the processes of excretion, water and salt balance, and the regulation of pH in body fluids are controlled by the kidneys. This is an example of the organism maintaining A reabsorption B homeostasis C insulation D hibernation What is the name of this organelle? A Gogli apparatus B mitochondrion C nucleus D ribosome 4. Which of the following examples illustrates osmosis? A Water leaves the tubules of the kidney in response to the hypertonic fluid surrounding the tubules. B Digestive enzymes are excreted into the small intestine. C White blood cells consume pathogens and cell debris at the site of an infection. D Calcium is pumped inside a muscle cell after the muscle completes its contraction. 5. Food is commonly refrigerated at temperatures 2°C to 7°C to slow the rate of spoilage by bacteria. Which of the following best explains why refrigeration at these temperatures slows the spoilage of food? A Bacteria that cause food spoilage are killed by these low temperatures. B Bacteria that cause food spoilage multiply rapidly at these temperatures. C The enzymes in bacteria that cause food spoilage are not active at these temperatures. D The enzymes in bacteria that cause food spoilage are denatured at these temperatures. 9. Proteins are long chains or polymers made up of A nucleotides B carbohydrates C amino acids D lipids 10. Which of the following molecules provides the greatest amount of energy per gram of mass when metabolized? A carbohydrate B nucleic acid C protein D lipid 11. Which of the following environmental changes can cause an increase in the rates of chemical reactions in cells? A increased temperature B decreased enzyme concentrations C increased activation energy requirement D decreased diffusion rates Biology End of Course Test Review Organisms Assessment of this domain will focus on the following: 1. energy is needed by all organisms to carry out processes within the cell a) understanding how organisms obtain the energy needed to sustain life Know these: Autotrophs: organisms that capture energy from sunlight or inorganic substances to produce its own food; provides the foundation of the food supply for other organisms; also called producer Heterotrophs: organism that cannot make its own food and gets its nutrients and energy requirements by feeding on other organisms; also called consumer b) analyzing the processes of energy transformation and conversion within types of organisms, such as plants and animals. See below Photosynthesis: Light Energy 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Light Reactions or light-dependant reactions take place in the Thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast. The reactants of the light reactions are carbon dioxide and water. They give off oxygen to the atmosphere and provide the dark reactions with an energy source and a hydrogen atom. The Dark Reactions or light-independent reactions are also called the Calvin Cycle. They take place in the stroma of the chloroplast and create a glucose molecule by combining hydrogen from the light reactions and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Aerobic Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. It sends pyruvate into the mitochondria to be used in the Krebs Cycle and it creates a net gain of energy of 2 ATP. The Krebs Cycle (aka Citric Acid Cycle) uses the pyruvate from Glycolysis to move high energy electrons to the electron transport chain. This process creates carbon dioxide which diffuses out of the cell and 2 ATP molecules. The Electron Transport Chain uses the high energy electrons from the Krebs cycle and oxygen to create 32 ATP molecules and 6 molecules of water per glucose molecule. c) explaining how matter and energy are recycled through ecosystems In an ecosystem, energy is not recycled. It flows from the producer to the primary consumers, to the secondary consumers and finally to the tertiary consumers. Nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and water are recycled in an ecosystem. You should know what these nutrient cycles look like/the steps involved in the cycles. d) comparing the complexity of organisms to their method of obtaining energy – see chart below e) determining how energy is stored and released from the ATP-ADP cycle ADP ATP 2. modern Linnean classification systems are composed of six kingdoms a) understanding the binomial nomenclature system of organism classification Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Scientific name for individual organisms Cell Type b) comprehending how scientific discovery leads to the addition of classification groups – grouping organisms based on a set of criteria c) associating similar organisms by their classification – see below Archeabacteria Eubacteria Protists Fungi Plants Animals Prokaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Prokaryote Unicelluar / Multicellular Unicellular Heterotroph/ Autotroph Can be both Unicellular Unicellular Can be both Can be both Multicellular except for yeast heterotroph Multicellular Multicellular autotroph heterotroph 1. In glycolysis, the first stage of cellular respiration, ATP molecules are produced. What is the net gain of ATP molecules (per molecule of glucose) from glycolysis? 4. A group of prokaryotes that live in extreme environments are the A viruses B protests C eubacteria D archaebacteria A1 B2 C4 D 36 2. One main difference between members of the Kingdoms Plantae and Animalia is the ability to 5. The complexity of body systems differs greatly among organisms. Which of the following organisms has developed organ systems for obtaining and utilizing energy? A obtain energy B reproduce C move D exchange gases A bacterium B mushroom C mouse D virus 3. The function of chlorophyll in a light reaction is to 6. Scientists have discovered a new species of animal. Which would provide the best basis for classifying this new species? A bind CO2 to H2O B split to produce O2 C trap light energy D act as a source of CO2 A DNA comparison B diet of animal C habitat of animal D appearance of animal 7. Which statement is true about viruses? A They can reproduce. B They are autotrophs. C They contain organelles. D They are living organisms. Biology End of Course Test Review Genetics Assessment of this domain will focus on the following: 1. DNA and RNA are two molecules essential for the transmission of genetic information a) comprehending the role of DNA in cellular replication prior to mitosis b) understanding the roles of DNA and RNA during meiosis DNA & RNA Similarities : DNA and RNA are nucleic acids, both are required for manufacturing proteins in the cell, they are made up of strings of nucleotides. Differences : DNA’s shape is described as a double helix and it cannot leave the nucleus of the cell. RNA is single-stranded and leaves the nucleus. The 4 nitrogen bases found in DNA are adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine. RNA also has 4 nitrogen bases, however, instead of thymine, RNA contains uracil. Nucleotide Base Pairing Rules Adenine Thymine (only DNA) Uracil (only RNA) Guanine Cytosine Phosphate Group Nitrogen Base 5-Carbon Sugar Know how proteins are made in the cell Describe the following two cellular processes. Be sure to include the following key terms. Key Terms – Helicase – an enzyme that is capable of unwinding DNA at a replication fork RNA polymerase- catalyzes the addition of appropriate nucleotides to the new RNA strand mRNA - molecules are long strands of RNA nucleotides that are formed complementary to one strand of DNA tRNA – smaller segments of RNA nucleotides that transport amino acids to the ribosome Codon- three-base code in DNA or mRNA Anticodon- complementary to a codon found on tRNA Amino Acids- building block of proteins Ribosome- simple cell organelle that helps to make proteins (site of protein production) Polypeptide- A peptide, such as a small protein, containing many molecules of amino acids, typically between 10 and100 Transcription – The first step of the central dogma involves the synthesis of mRNA from DNA in a process called transcription. Through transcription, the DNA code is transferred to mRNA in the nucleus. The mRNA then can take the code into the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Steps: 1.The DNA is unzipped in the nucleus and RNA polymerase, an enzyme that regulates RNA synthesis, binds to a specific section where an mRNA will be synthesized. 2. As the DNA strand unwinds, the RNA polymerase initiates mRNA synthesis an moves along one of the DNA strands in the 3` to 5` direction. The strand of DNA that is read by the RNA polymerase is called the template strand, and mRNA is synthesized as a complement to the DNA nucleotides. The DNA strand not used as the template strand is called the nontemplate strand. The mRNA transcript is manufactured in a 5` to 3` direction, adding each new RNA nucleotide to the 3` end. Uracil is incorporated instead of thymine as the mRNA molecule is made. 3. Eventually, the mRNA is released, and the RNA polymerase detaches from the DNA. 4. The new mRNA then moves out of the nucleus through nuclear pores into the cytoplasm. Translation – Once the mRNA is synthesized and processed, it moves to a ribosome. Once in the cytoplasm, the 5` end of the mRNA connects to the ribosome. This is where the code is read and translated to make a protein through a process called translation. Steps: 1. In translation, tRNA molecules act as the interpreters of the mRNA codon sequence. 2. The tRNA is folded into a cloverleaf shape and is activated by an enzyme that attaches a specific amino acid to the 3` end. 3. At the middle of the folded strand, there is a three-base coding sequence called the anticodon. Each anticodon is complementary to a codon on the mRNA. Though the code in DNA and RNA is read 5` to 3`, the anticodon is read 3` to 5`. Mitosis creates 2 diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent. Steps of mitotic division: Metaphase Anaphase Telophase/Cytokinesis Prophase X X XX *X * Description of events: Nuclear membrane disintegrates Nucleolus disappears Chromosomes condense Mitotic spindle begins to form between the poles Description of events: Chromosomes attach to mitotic spindle and align along the equator of the cell Description of events: Microtubules shorten, moving chromosomes to opposite poles Description of events: Chromosomes reach poles of the cell Nuclear envelope re-forms Nucleolus reappears Chromosomes decondense Plant cells – cell plate forms, dividing daughter cells Animal cells- cleavage furrow forms at the equator of cell and pinches inward until cell divides in two 5. the laws of genetics, put forth by Mendel, can be used to explain genetic variability a) analyzing the effects of the law of independent assortment on genetic crosses – random distribution of alleles occurs during gamete formation. Genes on separate chromosomes sort independently during meiosis. b) applying the concepts within the law of segregation to genetic crosses – two alleles for each trait separate during meiosis. During fertilization, two alleles for that trait unite. c) predicting the genotypic and phenotypic outcome of genetic crosses (law of dominant and recessive traits) Dominant – form of the trait that appears if it is present in one or two copies. Tt or TT Recessive – form of the trait that only appears if it is present in two copies. Tt Homozygous – an organism with two of the same alleles for a particular trait. TT or tt Heterozygous – an organism with two DIFFERENT alleles for a particular trait. Tt T - Tall t - short A pea plant that is heterozygous for the tall trait is crossed with a short pea plant. Complete the punnett square for this cross and answer the questions that follow. T t A genotype is: the organism’s allele pairs Tt tt t A phenotype is: the physical appearance of an organism for the trait in question Tt tt t What is the phenotypic ratio for this cross? 50% tall: 50% short or 2:2 What is the genotypic ratio for this cross? 50% Tt: 50% tt or 2:2 d) evaluating the role of each of these laws throughout the process of meiosis Meiosis creates 4 haploid daughter cells that are NOT genetically identical to each other and to the parent. Steps of meiotic division: Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Prophase I XX XX * * Description of events: Pairing of homologous chromosomes occurs, each chromosome consists of two chromatids Crossing over produces exchange of genetic information The nuclear envelope breaks down Spindles form Description of events: Chromosome centromeres attach to spindle fibers Homologous chromosomes line up at the equator Description of events: Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell Description of events: The spindles break down Chromosomes uncoil and form two nuclei The cell divides Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II/ Cytokinesis X X * * Description of events: Chromosomes condense Spindles form in each new cell Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes Description of events: Centromeres of chromosomes line up randomly at the equator of each cell Description of events: Centromeres split Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles Description of events: Four nuclei form around chromosomes Spindles break down Cells divide 6. alteration to the genetic material of germ cells can result in variation beyond that explained by Mendelian genetics a) evaluating the role of genetic variation in successive generations b) analyzing the possible alterations that can occur during meiosis: Describe the following types of mutations: – Insertion: the insertion of an extra nitrogen base in DNA or RNA – Deletion: the deletion of a nitrogen base in DNA or RNA – Substitution: the substitution of one nitrogen base for another in DNA or RNA – Nondisjuction: cell division in which the sister chromatids do not separate correctly, resulting in gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes c) describe mutagenic factors found in the environment – Ultra-violet radiation and chemicals 7. sexual reproduction results in genetic variation; asexual reproduction results in offspring identical to their parents 8. DNA technology is changing modern industries a) evaluating the results of DNA comparisons in forensic sciences – Forensic scientists use DNA fingerprinting to identify suspects and victims in criminal cases, to determine paternity and to identify soldiers killed in war. b) justifying the use of gene therapy in medicine – Gene therapy can be used to correct genetic disorders/diseases. Scientists inset a normal gene into a chromosome to replace a dysfunctional gene. c) predicting the effect of recombinant DNA on agricultural sciences – Many species of plants have been genetically engineered to be more resistant to insect or viral pests. Researchers are developing peanuts and soybeans that do not cause allergic reactions. Rice plants with increased iron and vitamins that could decrease malnutrition are being produced. Prospective crops include bananas that produce vaccines for infectious diseases, such as hepatitis B, and plants that produce biodegradable plastics. 1. Information on mRNA is used to make a sequence of amino acids into a protein by which of the following processes? A replication B translation C transcription D transference 2. When an organism has two different alleles for a trait, it is said to be A recessive B dominant C homozygous D heterozygous 6. A type of mutation that can alter DNA by the loss of a nucleotide base is known as A substitution B crossing over C deletion D insertion 7. In Mendel’s experiments with a single trait, the trait that disappeared in the first generation and reappeared in the next generation is called the A homozygous trait B dominant trait C recessive trait D heterozygous trait 3. What is a source of genetic variation? A adaptation B mutation C respiration D transpiration 4. Why is it important for the cells of multicellular organisms to undergo mitosis? A Mitosis allows for reproduction with male and female gametes. B Mitosis increases variation within an organism. C Mitosis produces cells that are different from the original dividing cell. D Mitosis produces identical cells to the original dividing cell. 5. Which of the following is the correct basepairing rule for DNA? A A-U; C-G B A-G; T-C C A-T; G-C D A-C; T-G 8. DNA in an individual’s gametes will most likely be altered before being passed to offspring if exposed to A x-rays B loud sounds C magnetic fields D extreme temperatures 9. Genetic engineering techniques have been used to produce all of the following effects except A grow salt-tolerant crop plants B decrease harvesting time C make crop plants resistant to disease D decrease soil nitrogen levels 10. In fruit flies, the gray body color (G) is dominant to the ebony body color (g). What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring of a heterozygous gray female and an ebony male? A 25% Gg, 75% gg B 50% Gg, 50% gg C 75% gray, 25% ebony D 100% gray Biology End of Course Test Review Ecology Assessment of this domain will focus on the following: 1. understanding the relationship of the individual to a population, a community, an ecosystem and a biome Biotic factors are: living factors in the organism’s environment Abiotic factors are: non-living factors in the organism’s environment Primary Succession is: establishment of a community in an area of bare rock or bare sand, where no topsoil is present Secondary Succession is: orderly change that occurs in a place where soil remains after a community of organisms has been removed Category Biosphere Biome Ecosystem Community Population Definition Relatively thin layer of Earth and its atmosphere that supports life (atmosphere, land and water) Large group of ecosystems that share the same climate and have similar types of communities Biological community and all the nonliving factors that affect it Group of interacting populations that live in the same geographic area at the same time Group of organisms of the same species that occupy the same geographic place at the same time Anything that has or once had all the characteristics of life Individual Organism Population growth rates: how fast a specific population grows Name and describe these two types of population growth Exponential Growth – how a population would grow if there were no limits placed on it by the environment. At first it grows slowly and then the rate of growth begins to rapidly increase. Logistic Growth – occurs when the population’s growth slows or stops following exponential growth, at the population’s carrying capacity. Carrying Capacity – largest number of individuals in a species that an environment can support long-term Exponential Growth Logistic Growth What are the definition to and examples of density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors? Density dependent – environmental factor, such as predation, disease and competition, that depends on the number of members in a population per unit area (Biotic factors) Density independent – environmental factor, such as storms and extreme heat or cold, that affects populations regardless of their density (Abiotic factors) Know the basic biotic and abiotic factors for each of the following biomes: Tundra – treeless biome with permanently frozen soil (permafrost) under the surface and average yearly precipitation of 15-25 cm. Tropical Rain Forest – hot, wet biome with year-round humity; contains Earth’s most diverse species of plants and animals Desert – area with low rainfall, whose annual rate of evaporation exceeds its annual rate of precipitation; can support cacti and some grasses and animal species such as snakes and lizards Grassland – biome characterized by fertile soils with a thick cover of grasses Taiga – biome south of the tundra with dense evergreen forests and long, cold, dry winters Temperate Deciduous Forest – biome south of the taiga characterized by broad-leafed, deciduous trees, well defined seasons, and average yearly precipitation of 75-150 cm. Freshwater – includes ponds, lakes, streams, rivers and wetlands. Plants and animals in this ecosystem are adapted to the low salt content in freshwater and are unable to survive in areas of high salt concentration. Only about 2.5% of water on Earth is freshwater. Brackish water/intertidal – areas where land and water or saltwater and freshwater intermingle. Wetlands and estuaries are common examples of transitional aquatic ecosystems. Saltwater – Marine ecosystems have a significant impact on the planet. For example, through photosynthesis, marine algae consume carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and produce over 50 percent of the atmosphere’s oxygen. 2. assessing the flow of energy through an ecosystem and required components of a successful environment a) food chains – a simple model that shows how energy flows through an ecosystem b) food webs – model representing the many interconnected food chains and pathways in which energy flows through a group of organisms c) energy pyramids – shows the amount of energy passed from one trophic level to the next – 90% of all energy is not transferred to the level above it d) nutrient cycling – the cycling of nutrients in the biosphere involves both matter in living organisms and physical processes found in the environment such as weathering. In an ecosystem, energy is not recycled. It flows from the producer to the primary consumer, to the secondary consumer and finally to the tertiary consumer. Nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and water are recycled in an ecosystem. You should know what these nutrient cycles look like/the steps involved in the cycles. Water cycle Carbon cycle Nitrogen Cycle Phosphorus Cycle 3. explaining the negative impact humans have had on Earth a) pollution - the introduction of harmful substances or products into the environment b) proposed global warming - an increase in the earth's average atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in climate and that may result from the greenhouse effect c) explosive population – growth of population in an exponential pattern d) pesticide usage - a chemical preparation for destroying plant, fungal, or animal pests e) herbicide usage - a substance or preparation for killing plants, esp. weeds f) resource consumption – the amount of resources used by individuals or communities g) renewable resources – any resource replaced by natural processes more quickly than it is consumed h) non-renewable resources – any natural resource available in limited amounts or replaced extremely slowly by natural processes. 4. evaluating the adaptive responses of organisms to their environments a) plant tropisms Tropism— response to an external stimulus in a specific direction Geotropism— The growth of a living organism in response to gravity, as the downward growth of plant roots Phototropism— Growth or movement of a plant toward or away from a source of light Thigmotropism— The turning or bending response of an organism upon direct contact with a solid surface or object b) animal behavior Innate behavior— genetically based behavior Instincts— An inborn pattern of behavior that is characteristic of a species and is often a response to specific environmental stimuli Territorial behavior— the methods by which an animal, or group of animals, protects its territory from incursions by others of its species Migration— seasonal movement of a group of animals to a new location for feeding and breeding Habituation— decrease in an animal’s response after it has been repeatedly exposed to a specific stimulus that has no positive or negative effects Imprinting— permanent learning that occurs only within a specific period of time in an animal’s life c) survival strategies Mechanical defense— adaptations that protect the organism that are physical features, such as thorns on a rose or horns on a bull Chemical defense— adaptations that protect the organism that are chemicals, such as poisons secreted from the body 1. In the food chain below, which population will most likely decrease if snakes are removed from the food chain? 7. Predators often feed on weak or sick animals in an ecosystem. The role of the predator is described as its grass grasshopper frog snake hawk A grass B grasshopper C frog D hawk A community B habitat C niche D population 2. Which element’s cycle depends on certain kinds of bacteria to keep the element available to other organisms? A carbon B hydrogen C nitrogen D phosphorus 3. The theory of global warming suggests that a trend toward warmer temperatures on Earth will cause glaciers to lose mass. Which result is a major consequence of glacial melting? A flooding coastal regions B destruction of fossil records C increased saltiness of the oceans D an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide 4. What characteristics of some pine trees allow the species to survive a sudden environmental change? A modified leaves from needle bundles B seeds that germinate after fires C pollen that is easily carried by wind D bark that is lightly colored 5. A group of organisms of a certain species that is in one area at a given time is known as A an ecosystem B a community C a population D a trophic level 6. As energy flows through an ecosystem, at each trophic level it A increases B decreases C fluctuates D remains the same 8. Lightning causes a fire that destroys all the plants in a forest community. Which of the following will MOST likely be the first to occupy the burned area? A oak seedlings B pine trees C grasses and annual plants D woody shrubs 9. The state of California has several large cities and very productive croplands that divert and use large amounts of water from rivers. What is one damaging effect of this use of the rivers’ water? A increased amounts of solid waste pollution in oceans B decreased amounts of fresh water in marshes and estuaries C changes in local rainfall amounts D changes in upstream water tables 10. Plants that live in the rain forest have many adaptations to their environment. Some plants, such as vines, have adaptations that allow them to attach themselves to the trunks of trees. These adaptations allow vines to successfully compete for which of the following limited resources in the rain forest? A sunlight B water C carbon dioxide D oxygen 11. Birds have been observed puffing up their feathers under certain conditions. By trapping air between feathers, this behavior helps the bird A hide from enemies B expend less energy during flight C shelter offspring D trap body heat Biology End of Course Test Review Evolution Assessment of this domain will focus on the following: 1. understanding how scientific theories are developed The first theory regarding evolution was called the inheritance of acquired characteristics theory. Lamarck believed that organisms changed during their own lifetimes in order to meet the needs of their environment. Lamarck believed that the long neck of a giraffe resulted from the animal stretching to reach higher leaves in trees during times when food was scarce. He also believed that if an organ was not used, it would “waste away” and eventually not be acquired by future generations. We know this was INCORRECT. Know: Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution by natural selection - A more convincing theory of evolution was provided by Charles Darwin in his book The Origin of Species in 1859. Darwin thought that organisms that are best suited to their environment would be able to reproduce and pass on their characteristics to future generations. Those that didn’t would gradually die out before being able to reproduce. This idea is known as natural selection. Natural selection occurs because there are differences, or variations, between organisms of the same species. If the difference results in one animal being better able to compete for food or mating, that animal is more likely to survive and reproduce. Eventually, those animals that do not possess that characteristic will become small in number and will die out. His trip on the HMS Beagle – Charles Darwin was hired as a naturalist on the HSM Beagle as it surveyed the coast of South America. His job was to collect biological and geological specimens during the ship’s travels. His observations on the Galapagos Islands - The finches that Charles Darwin observed in the Galapagos Islands on his famous voyage developed different bills that were specialized for certain types of food. Differences between similar species suggest that the animals came from a common ancestor but developed characteristics specific for their needs. Know how geographic isolation & reproductive isolation leads to the development of a new species Geographic Isolation - The distribution of plants and animals that Darwin saw first suggested evolution to Darwin. Patterns of migration were critical to Darwin when he was developing his theory. Evolution is intimately linked with climate and geological forces. The physical separation of members of a population. Populations may be physically separated when their original habitat becomes divided. Example: when new land or water barriers form Reproductive Isolation - the inability of a species to breed successfully with related species due to geographical, behavioral, physiological, or genetic barriers or differences 2. comparing the geologic history of a species a) biodiversity – number of different species living in a specific area b) Ancestry – ancestral character – morphological or biochemical feature present in various groups within the line of descent. c) rate of evolution - a measurement of the rate of genotype change of species and organisms over a period of time Adaptive Radiation (divergent evolution) is: diversification of a species into a number of different species, often over a relatively short period of time Convergent evolution is: - describes the acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages.The wing is a classic example of convergent evolution in action. Although their last common ancestor did not have wings, birds and bats do, and are capable of powered flight. The wings are similar in construction, due to the physical constraints imposed upon wing shape. Similarity can also be explained by shared ancestry, as evolution can only work with what is already there—thus wings were modified from limbs, as evidenced by their bone structure. Traits arising through convergent evolution are termed analogous structures, in contrast to homologous structures, which have a common origin. Ecosystem diversity is: variety of ecosystems in the biosphere Species diversity is: in a biological community, the number and abundance of different species Genetic diversity is: variety of inheritable characteristics or genes in an interbreeding population Gradualism is: theory that evolution occurs in small, gradual steps over time. Punctuated equilibrium is: theory that evolution occurs with relatively sudden periods of speciation followed by long periods of stability 3. evaluating the scientific evidence that supports the theory of evolution a) fossil record - Fossils are traces of previously living organisms. They include imprints of life forms, bones, or any other natural recording of past life. Scientists can find the age of fossils through a procedure known as radioactive dating. Because of the time-line scientists have been able to create, they have found that organisms have become more complex over time. Life has existed on Earth for millions of years. We get our information about life long ago from fossils. A fossil is any evidence an organism left behind. A fossil becomes permanent through a process called fossilization. Fossilization begins as an organism is buried in volcanic ash or sediments. As more sediments pile up on the burial site, they exert more pressure on the remains. Over a long period of time, chemical changes and pressure transform the organism’s remains into a fossil. b) biochemistry - Common ancestry can be seen in the complex metabolic molecules that many different organisms share. c) embryologic development - Vertebrate embryos exhibit homologous structures during certain phases of development but become totally different structures in the adult forms. d) homologous structures – anatomically similar structure inherited form a common ancestor. Think structure of human arm, whale flipper and bird wing. 4. analyzing the effect of natural selection on species Fitness – measure of a trait’s relative contribution to the following generation Stabilizing Selection – most common form of natural selection in which organisms with extreme expressions of a trait are removed Directional Selection – shift of a population toward an extreme version of a beneficial trait Disruptive Selection – process in which individuals with average traits are removed, creating two populations with extreme traits 5. understanding chemical resistance as a modern example of biological evolution The chemical arsenal we have developed in an attempt to rid our homes of rodents and our crops of insects is losing its power. We have simply caused pest populations to evolve, unintentionally applying artificial selection in the form of pesticides. Individuals with a higher tolerance for our poisons survive and breed, and soon resistant individuals outnumber the ones we can control. 1. Ancestors of the koala lived on the ground, but modern koalas live in trees and eat eucalyptus leaves, which are poisonous to most other animals. The difference between the ancestor and modern koalas was caused by A the presence of homologous structures B the presence of vestigial organs C selective breeding D natural selection 2. Horses and tapirs have a common ancestor, but they now look very different from one another. Horses are now grassland animals adapted for grazing on grass and shrubs. Tapirs are jungle animals that live in dense forests and eat fruit, leaves, and aquatic vegetation. Which of the following led to the development of such differences in the two species? A selective breeding B convergent evolution C DNA hybridization D natural selection 3. Fossils of Archaeopteryx show that this animal had feathers, like a bird. It also had a bony tail, teeth, and claws on its wings, like a reptile. These fossils are evidence that support the idea that A birds and reptiles have a common ancestor B birds have changed very little over millions of years C reptile species are more advanced than bird species D reptiles are warm-blooded like birds 4. Although the arctic fox and the kit fox are closely related, they look very different because the individuals A acquired traits during their lifetimes that contributed to survival B with traits most suited to their environment reproduced most successfully C migrated long distances to environments that most suited their traits D passed on to their offspring acquired behaviors that were helpful 5. Some viral diseases require only one vaccination, which lasts for years. For other diseases such as the flu, vaccinations last only one season. The flu vaccine lasts such a short time because the flu virus A is more easily transmitted than other viruses B mutates much more rapidly than other viruses C is less dangerous than other viruses D is much smaller than other viruses 6. Which of the following is considered by most biologists to be the most accurate in supporting the theory of evolution? A fossils B embryology C DNA sequencing D genetic equilibrium 7. The development of radiocarbon dating allows scientists to see how many times carbon atoms have been through half-lives. Since scientists know the length of a C-14 half-life, they can gain knowledge about fossils using the C-14 dating technique. When radiocarbon dating was introduced, it changed the way people thought about how organisms evolved because the technique showed A how long ago some organisms were alive B that eating habits have changed in some animals C how different the chemical composition was long ago D that most plants were Gymnosperms 8. There are currently millions of species of organisms and new species are still being discovered. Based on Darwin’s theory of evolution, which of the following best describes how millions of species have developed? A Organisms passed on acquired characteristics to evolve from lower life forms to higher life forms. B Organisms were selectively bred to create different species. C Completely different species crossed with one another to form the many different organisms. D Different genetic variations in organisms were selected in different environments. 9. Which of the following best supports the idea that organisms and environments have changed over time? A the discovery of fossilized fern plants in Antarctica B the production of sterile hybrid animals such as the mule C the many different species of plants in tropical areas D the ability of many animals to learn new behaviors 10. The cotton whitefly has become a key pest for farmers, damaging many kinds of crops. The cotton whitefly has developed resistance to a variety of pesticides. Pesticide resistance would most likely develop in insects that A reproduce rapidly B feed on few types of plants C undergo complete metamorphosis D live in very limited regions