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Download PRESENT TENSE—I love, I warn, I rule, I hear
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Nouns, Verbs and Their Translations-NLE I PRESENT TENSE—I love, I warn, I rule, I hear root vowel is specially important here: ā, ē, e, ī amo moneo rego amas mones regis amat monet regit amamus monemus regimus amatis monetis regitis amant monent regunt FUTURE TENSE—I will love, etc. [vowels: I O U in the future; A & E but no B] amabo monebo regam amabis monebis reges amabit monebit reget amabimus monebimus regemus amabitis monebitis regetis amabunt monebunt regent audio audis audit audimus auditis audiunt IMPERFECT TENSE—WKUB—I was/kept loving, I used/began to love, etc. BAck in the past amabam monebam regebam audiebam amabas monebas regebas audiebas amabat monebat regebat audiebat amabamus monebamus regebamus audiebamus amabatis monebatis regebatis audiebatis amabant monebant regebant audiebant audiam audies audiet audiemus audietis audient PERFECT TEST—I loved, I have loved, I did love, etc. Root change—long vowl; -s-, -u-, -v-, -x-; 3rd conj. always unpredictable amavi monui rexi audivi amavisti monuisti rexisti audivisti amavit monuit rexit audivit amavimus monuimus reximus audivimus amavistis monuistis rexistis audivistis amaverunt monuerunt rexerunt audiverunt INFINITIVES: AMĀRE, MONĒRE, REGERE, AUDĪRE IMPERATIVES: amā, amāte; monē, monēte; rege, regite; audī, audīte ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1ST DECLENSION mostly feminine Nom regina reginae Gen reginae reginarum Dat reginae reginīs Acc reginam reginas Abl reginā reginīs Voc 2nd DECLENSION 3rd DECLENSION—ROOT CHANGE ALERT! masculine neuter (…um…aah) m. & f. –same neuter dominus dominī bellum bella rex regēs nomen nomina dominī dominōrum bellī bellorum regis regum nominis nominum dominō dominīs bello bellīs regi regibus nomini nominibus dominum dominos bellum bella regem regēs nomen nomina dominō dominīs bello bellīs rege regibus nomine nominibus domine (Cornelī) TRANSLATION name/s Nom of the name/’s/names’ Gen to the name/s Dat name/s Acc by the name/s Abl O, Name/s! Voc Nominative—subject, predicate nominative or adjective Genitive—shows possession/possessive noun adjective Dative—indirect object—often found with verbs of giving, telling and showing Accusative—direct object/used after most prepositions Ablative—used after SID SPACE prepositions; NIAWAPs tell time—in/at (brevī tempore, nocte) how/by means of/with (baculō, magnā vōce, stīlō, tubā) Vocative—used in direct address (Marcē, Iulī, Cornelia) IRREGULAR VERB ESSE Present Tense (am, is, are) Imperfect Tense (was/were) Future Tense(will be) sum sumus eram eramus ero erimus es estis eras eratis eris eritis est sunt erat erant erit erunt EXTRAS PRONOUNS Nom Dat Acc Abl I ego mihi mē mē you(s) tu tibi tē tē we nōs nobīs nōs nobīs you (pl) vōs vobīs vōs vobīs Perfect Tense(have/has been = was/were) fui fuimus fuisti fuistis fuit fuerunt ADJECTIVES – agree with the nouns they modify in gender, number and case. – most of the adjectives you will find on the exam borrow endings from nouns from the 1st or 2nd declenstions. We call these 2-1-2 adjectives. To make an adverb from a 2-1-2 adjective, add Ē to the root: e.g. laetē = happily REALLY SERIOUSLY HIGH CLASS THINGS ABOUT NOUNS, VERBS, ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS FOR NLE LEVEL II!! PASSIVE—Present—I am loved; Imperfect—I used to be loved; Future—I shall be loved. English helping verb—to be; Latin forms—all have –R except for 2nd p. pl. 2nd p. sing has –ris. 3rd present and future looks the same, in the 2nd p. sing—both have –eamor/regor amabar amabor/regar amaris/regeris amabaris amaberis/regeris amatur/regitur amabatur amabitur /regetur amamur/regimur amabamur amabitur/regemur amamini /regimini amabamini amabimini/regemini amantur/reguntur amabantur amabantur/regentur IMPERATIVE: positive: amā, amāte=Love (me)!; negative: nolī/nolīte + present active infinitive-Nolī/te amāre=Don’t love (me)! PERFECT TENSES—use the ppp + ESSE—I have/had/will have been loved sum => perfect tense eram => pluperfect tense ero => future perfect tense remember that the ppp is an adjective and therefore agrees with the subject in gender & number (and being subject, it is nom.!) ACTIVE INFINITIVES PASSIVE INFINITIVES present AMĀRE—to love AMĀRĪ—to be loved perfect AMĀVISSE—to have loved AMĀTUM ESSE—to have been loved future AMĀTŪRUM ESSE—to be about to love present passive infinitives don’t all keep the –r-—amārī, monērī, regī, audīrī ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1ST DECLENSION mostly feminine regina reginae reginae reginarum reginae reginīs reginam reginas reginā reginīs 2nd DECLENSION neuter domini bellum dominorum belli dominīs bello dominos bellum dominīs bello 3rd DECLENSION—ROOT CHANGE ALERT! m. & f. –same neuter rex regēs nomen nomina regis regum nominis nominum regi regibus nomini nominibus regem regēs nomen nomina rege regibus nomine nominibus masculine (…um…aah) dominus bella domini bellorum domino bellīs dominum bella domino bellīs domine (Cornelī) Nominative—subject, predicate nominative or adjective Genitive—shows possession/possessive noun adjective, partitive Dative—indirect object—often found with verbs of giving, telling and showing; also used with special verbs such as nocēre, appropinquare and with licet and necesse; Accusative— direct object/used after most prepositions/duration of time and extent of space/subject of a non-finite verb Ablative—used after SID SPACE prepositions; NIAWAPs tell time—in/at (brevi tempore, nocte) and how/by means of/with (baculō, magnō risū)—‘WIAB’; comparison; Vocative—direct address (Sexte, mi fili) Don’t forget to review the 4th & 5th declension endings. Partitive genitive after nihil, (nothing), satis, (enough) quid (what), nimis (too much), pars (part) Don’t forget numbers to 20. 18—duodeviginti, 19—undeviginti; also primus, secundus, tertius etc. Don’t forget the meaning of hic, ille, quis/quid, qui/quae/quod, se, ego, tu, is, ea, id, nos, vos (NB is, ea, id can = ille, illa, illud) BE SURE TO KERNEL SENTENCES WITH RELATIVE CLAUSES Look for the question on the predicate nominative/adjective… PARTICIPLES 1st conj. A 2nd conj. E 3rd conj. E 4th conj. IE present amans, amantis—loving monens, monentis—warning regens, regentis—ruling audiens, audientis—hearing perfect amatus, -a, -um—loved; monitus, -a, -um—warned rectus, -a, -um—ruled auditus, -a, -um—heard future amatūrus, -a, -um—going to love, about to love monitūrus, -a, -um—going to warn, about to warn rectūrus, -a, -um—going to rule, about to rule auditūrus, -a, -um—going to hear, about to hear ADVERBS 2-1-2s—tarde, tardius, tardissime; 3rd decl.—fortiter, fortius, fortissime COMPARATIVES—fortior (m, f) fortius (n.)—more strong, stronger, rather strong, quite strong; a true comparative will be followed by quam or an abl. fortissimus, -a, -um—very strong, most strong, strongest ALL COMPARATIVES WORK LIKE 3RD DECL. ADJECTIVES., AND ALL SUPERLATIVES WORK LIKE 2-1-2 ADJECTIVES