Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download child and adolescent development
Document related concepts
Transcript
CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT DANUTA BUKATKO CHAPTER 5 Chapter Vocabulary attention glial cell myelin perception reflex synapse cephalocaudal habituation / recovery neuron plasticity sensation visual acuity deferred imitation lateralization norm proximodistal SIDS Chapter Outline Body Growth and Development Norms of Growth Patterns in Body Growth page 151 pages 151-152 The Brain and Nervous System The Developing Brain Brain Plasticity Lateralization pages 153-157 pages 157-158 pages 158-159 Motor Skill Development Reflexes Motor Milestones Determinants of Motor Development Cross-Cultural Differences pages 159-161 pages 161-163 pages 163-164 pages 164-165 CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT DANUTA BUKATKO CHAPTER 5 GUIDED NOTETAKING OUTLINE Infancy – Physical Development Body Growth Norms are _________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Infants grow at a ______ rate before and after birth. Infant and toddler growth proceeds in _____________; a child may grow as much as ____ inch overnight. Newborns initially _______ some weight. Then they gain weight rapidly, doubling their weight in ____ months, and tripling it in _____ months. The head and the ____________ ____________ ____________ undergo early and rapid increase in weight. Infants’ heads are about _____ times larger in proportion to their bodies than adults’ heads are to their bodies. Infants grow and gain motor control starting with their heads and progressing down their bodies to their feet; this growth pattern is called _______________________. Growth and motor control also progress from the center of the body (the trunk) outwards to the limbs; this pattern is called _______________________. It is natural that individual growth rates vary from the norm; not only is growth rate different for each individual, it also varies by ___________ and _______________. Brain and Nervous System Much of the new excitement and knowledge about the brain’s influence on development is the result of information gained very recently from new technologies; these allow researchers to learn for the first time a bout the functioning of the live brain. Name one of these procedures: ____________. At birth the brain is ______% of its adult size. What parts of the brain are fairly well established at birth? ______________________ and ______________________________. What basic functions do these brain areas control? __________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ In contrast to those areas, a lot of the development of the ___________ takes place after birth; this part of the brain is responsible for (mane 3 things): ______________, __________________, _________________________. Basic brain cells are called _________________. Parts of neurons become insulated with _____________; this insulation makes them speedier. __________ cells provide the basic building material for myelin, and also serve other vital functions (name one): ____________________________. Neurons undergo 3 important types of changes. Briefly define each: 1. Proliferation _______________________________________________ 2. Migration _________________________________________________ 3. Differentiation _____________________________________________ The first 2 processes take place ___________ birth; the third takes place _____________ birth. Much of the process of neuron differentiation requires external _________________. Without stimulation, neurons are unlikely to make or maintain many connections with other neurons. Synapses are __________________________________________________. The text states that the typical infant is genetically equipped to generate many more synaptic connections than a person will ever need – why is this surplus important?______________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Define brain plasticity:___________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ When is the brain at its most plastic? _______________________________ Give an example of: Experience-expectant stimulation__________________________________ Experience-dependent stimulation__________________________________ Define brain lateralization:________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ How does prenatal orientation of the head connect to later and dominance? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Motor Skill Development (See chart page 160.) The presence of healthy reflexes signals that n____________________________ development if good. Complete this statement: most reflexes disappear in the first _____ months of life. Which reflex ensures that the child will take on nutrients? ___________________ Use Table 5.2 – list 3 developmental milestones from the first year of life that illustrate the cephalocaudal pattern: _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ The 3 main elements of motor development in infancy and toddlerhood are listed below. Give an example of each type: 1. Postural control ________________________________________ 2. Locomotion ___________________________________________ 3. Manual control ________________________________________ Does the textbook suggest that either genetics or experience is the more important factor in motor development? Explain your answer: _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Sleep Newborns average ___ hours of sleep per 24 hours. By age ____________ they begin to establish a pattern of sleeping longer at night. How does the amount of REM sleep differ between infants and adults? _____________________________________________________________ What does one theory suggest about the benefit of REM sleep for infants? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ What is SIDS? __________ ___________ ___________ ________________ At what age is a child at highest risk for SIDS? _______________________ Putting infants to sleep on their backs has been shown to lower the risk of SIDS and is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics. List 3 other things that can lower the risk of SIDS: 1. 2. 3. Learning Processes When infants encounter a new stimulus, their behavior – gazing, reaching, searching eye movements, heart rate – indicates their interest. When they have gained as much information from the stimulus as possible, they lose interest. This is called ____________________. When once again exposed to a new stimulus, their interest is rekindled. This is called ______________. Researchers can use this pattern of behavior to better understand infant memory, attention, and cognitive ability. Describe or make up an example of classical conditioning: _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Describe or make up an example of operant conditioning: _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ What is deferred imitation? _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Recent research suggests that quite young babies are capable of both imitation and deferred imitation. What is the significance of this finding? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Sensory Capacities Researchers study what infants pay attention to in order to learn a bout how infants learn. In studying infant attention, researchers have focused on P_________________ b____________________ and habituation. How did one experiment use infants’ rate of sucking to learn a bout their ability to distinguish different sounds? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Infants’ visual focus is poor at birth, but improves to nearly adult level by age _____________. Newborns also have poor ability to track or follow a moving object visually. This improves steadily, so that by _____ to ______ ______ it is adult like. When can babies see colors? ______________________ When does the ability to hear human speech sounds develop? ________________. Describe an experiment that suggests that babies can hear and remember sound patterns they heard while still in utero: _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Why is early auditory screening for babies a good idea? _________________________________________________________ When do infants become sensitive to smells? _________________________ When can babies discriminate tastes like sweet, sour, salty and bitter? ________________________ Can babies future taste preferences be influenced while they are still nursing? Y/ N support your answer: _____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ What is the body’s largest organ? _______ Do infants like to be touched? Y /N Name 2 benefits that gentle touching can have: 1. 2. Regulating body temperature is a struggle for young infants, especially for premature infants. What do babies do when they are too hot or too cool? Too hot: ___________________________________________________ Too cool: __________________________________________________ How has our approach to medical procedures for newborns changes as a result of new brain research? _____________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ CHAPTER 5 - INSTRUCTOR’S RESOURCE: Selected Objectives and Quiz Questions from the Study Guide Objectives: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22 Key Terms Review: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 12 Fact Questions: 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13 Concept / Application Questions: 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12
