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HISTORICALANALYSIS—Comparison:France,Spain,Englandascolonizers Fromthe2015RevisedFramework: Historicalthinkinginvolvestheabilitytoidentify,compare,andevaluatemultipleperspectivesonagivenhistoricaleventinordertodrawconclusions aboutthatevent.Italsoinvolvestheabilitytodescribe,compare,andevaluatemultiplehistoricaldevelopmentswithinonesociety,oneormore developmentsacrossorbetweendifferentsocieties,andinvariouschronologicalandgeographicalcontexts. Fromthe2015RevisedRubricfortheLongEssay: DescribessimilaritiesANDdifferencesamonghistoricalindividuals,events,developments,orprocessesandexplainsthereasonsforsimilaritiesAND differencesamonghistoricalindividuals,events,developments,orprocesses.--OR,DEPENDINGONTHEPROMPT--Evaluatestherelative significanceofhistoricalindividuals,events,developments,orprocesses.(2of6possiblepoints) HistoricalThemeandThematicLearningObjectivesforActivityFocus: AmericaintheWorld-ThisthemefocusesontheinteractionsbetweennationsthataffectedNorthAmericanhistoryinthecolonialperiod,andon theinfluenceoftheUnitedStatesonworldaffairs. CorrespondingObjectives: WOR-1.0:Explainhowculturalinteraction,cooperation,competition,andconflictbetweenempires,nations,andpeopleshaveinfluencedpolitical, economic,andsocialdevelopmentsinNorthAmerica. WOR-2.0:AnalyzethereasonsforandresultsofU.S.diplomatic,economic,andmilitaryinitiativesinNorthAmericaandoverseas. BriefSummary/Review: THEHISTORYOFCOLONIALNORTHAMERICAcentersprimarilyonthestruggleofEngland,France,andSpaintogaincontrolofthecontinent.Settlers crossedtheAtlanticfordifferentreasons,andtheirgovernmentstookdifferentapproachestotheircolonizingefforts.Thesedifferencescreatedboth advantagesanddisadvantagesthatprofoundlyaffectedtheNewWorld’sfate.FranceandSpain,forinstance,weregovernedbyautocraticsovereignswhose rulewasabsolute;theircolonistswenttoAmericaasservantsoftheCrown.TheEnglishcolonists,ontheotherhand,enjoyedfarmorefreedomandwereable togovernthemselvesaslongastheyfollowedEnglishlawandwereloyaltotheking.Inaddition,unlikeFranceandSpain,Englandencouragedimmigrationfrom othernations,thusboostingitscolonialpopulation.By1763theEnglishhadestablisheddominanceinNorthAmerica,havingdefeatedFranceandSpaininthe FrenchandIndianWar.However,thoseregionsthathadbeencolonizedbytheFrenchorSpanishwouldretainnationalcharacteristicsthatlingertothisday. OnaNorthAmericancontinentcontrolledbyAmericanIndians,contactamongthepeoplesofEurope,theAmericas,andWestAfricacreatedanewworld. EuropeanoverseasexpansionresultedintheColumbianExchange,aseriesofinteractionsandadaptationsamongsocietiesacrosstheAtlantic.Thearrivalof EuropeansintheWesternHemisphereinthe15thand16thcenturiestriggeredextensivedemographicandsocialchangesonbothsidesoftheAtlantic.Spanish andPortugueseexplorationandconquestoftheAmericasledtowidespreaddeadlyepidemics,theemergenceofraciallymixedpopulations,andacaste systemdefinedbyanintermixtureamongSpanishsettlers,Africans,andNativeAmericans.SpanishandPortuguesetradersreachedWestAfricaand partneredwithsomeAfricangroupstoexploitlocalresourcesandrecruitslavelaborfortheAmericas.Theintroductionofnewcropsandlivestockbythe Spanishhadfar-reachingeffectsonnativesettlementpatterns,aswellasoneconomic,social,andpoliticaldevelopmentintheWesternHemisphere.Inthe economiesoftheSpanishcolonies,Indianlabor,usedintheencomiendasystemtosupportplantation-basedagricultureandextractpreciousmetalsandother resources,wasgraduallyreplacedbyAfricanslavery. EuropeanexpansionintotheWesternHemispherecausedintensesocial/religious,political,andeconomiccompetitioninEuropeandthepromotionof empirebuilding.Europeanexplorationandconquestwerefueledbyadesirefornewsourcesofwealth,increasedpowerandstatus,andconvertsto Christianity.NewcropsfromtheAmericasstimulatedEuropeanpopulationgrowth,whilenewsourcesofmineralwealthfacilitatedtheEuropeanshiftfrom feudalismtocapitalism.Improvementsintechnologyandmoreorganizedmethodsforconductinginternationaltradehelpeddrivechangestoeconomiesin EuropeandtheAmericas. English Mostcoloniesestablishedbyroyalcharter. EarliestsettlementswereinVirginiaand Massachusettsbutsoonspreadallalongthe Atlanticcoast,fromMainetoGeorgia,andinto thecontinent’sinteriorasfarastheMississippi River Colonistswererecruitedfromamongmiddleclassfarmers,artisans,andtradesmen. Indenturedservants,specialistsincertainareas (i.e.,sawmillworkers,lumbermen),and convictedcriminalswerealsobroughtover. Immigrantsfromothercountrieswere welcomed. DistancefromEnglandandafrugalParliament allowedcoloniststosetuplocalgovernments andrepresentativeassembliesandtotax themselves,aslongastheydidnottakeuparms againsttheCrown Largelynon-Catholics.Althoughsometolerance waspracticedinmostcolonies,thePuritansin Massachusettsestablishedanautocraticand restrictivereligiousleadership.Pennsylvania mandatedcompletetolerance. Rapidgrowthduetoliberalimmigrationpolicies. By1627Virginiahadapproximately1,000 settlers.By1754totalpopulationintheEnglish colonieshadgrownto1.5million;thisincluded largeproportionsofGermanandFrench. French Spanish Firstcoloniesweretradingpostsin Crown-sponsoredconquestsgainedrichesforSpainand Newfoundland;othersfollowedinwakeof expandeditsempire.Mostofthesouthernand explorationoftheSt.Lawrencevalley,partsof southwesternregionsclaimed,aswellassectionsofthe Canada,andtheMississippiRiver.Settlements Californiacoast.SettlementsincludeSt.Augustine, includeQuebec(1608)andMontreal(1642). Florida(1565);SantaFe,NewMexico(1610);and Louisianasettledinthelate1600s. numerouscitiesinTexasandCalifornia. Initiallyfurtraders,merchants,andmissionaries. Conquistadores,soldiers,andmissionarieswerethe In1665some1100Frenchsoldiersarrivedand primarySpanishcolonizers;farmersandtraderscame weregivenland.NeitherProtestantsnor later. peasantfarmerswereallowedtoemigrate. ColonieswerefullysubjecttotheFrenchking. Therewerenopoliticalrightsorrepresentative government,andpublicmeetingscouldnotbe heldwithoutpermission. EventhoughProtestantshadplayedaroleinthe foundingofNewFrance,fromaround1659on theywereexcludedfromthecolony.Colonial lifewaslargelycontrolledbytheFrenchCatholic clergy. Slowgrowth;by1672nomorethan5,000 colonistshadsettledthroughoutNewFrance.In CanadatheFrenchpopulationtotaledjustunder 40,000by1734.InLouisiana,by1763there wereapproximately10,000settlers,including 5,000slavesandAcadians. Originallyfriendly;earlycolonistsreliedonNative Despiteconversioneffortsofmissionaries, Americansfortradeandforhelpwithsurvival. FrenchrespectforNativeAmericansallowed Eventuallygreedforlandledtomajorconflicts manytoforgealliances,especiallyintheirwars withIndians. againsttheBritish. Coloniesweregovernedbycrownappointedviceroysor governors.Settlershadtoobeytheking’slawsandcould makenoneoftheirown. SettlerswererestrictedtoCatholics;Protestantswere persecutedanddrivenout. Slowgrowthduetogreateremphasisonmilitary conquest,poorrelationswithNativeAmericans,and numerousearlyfailurestoestablishpermanent settlements.LargestSpanishpopulationswereinFlorida, Texas,California,andMexico. SpanishmissionariessawNativeAmericansasheathens tobeconvertedtoChristianity;soldiersviewedthemas fitonlyforkillingorsubjugation. ComparingColonizers—1492-1607 Directions:Usingyourpriorknowledge,newknowledgegained fromthereadingassignment,andtheadditionalfacts providedintheColonizationandSettlementchart,complete theVenndiagrambyfillinginasmanycharacteristicsand factsforeachcolonizers.Bemindfulofyourparameters, 1492-1607.AfterfillingouttheVenn,answerthequestions below: Aretheremoresimilaritiesordifferences? Towhatextentaretheysimilarordifferent? Why?(List&explainthreereasonstosupportyouranswer) 1. 2. 3. Whatistheopposingview? Identifyareason(pieceofevidence)thatsupportsthe opposingview.