Download Characteristics of Living Things (Essay

IB Biology
Study Guide Fall Final 2014
SIB
Chapter 6 Human Health & Physiology
Digestion: pathway.
 What secretions and functions along the way? Mouth . Pharynx. Esophagus. Stomach. Small &
Large Intestines, rectum and anus.
 Why do we need to digest food? Macromolecules to monomers.
 Difference between absorption and assimilation?
 Structure of a villi, include capillaries and lacteals
 What happens to undigested nutrients not absorbed thru villi?
 Accessory structures: Salivary glands, Gall Bladder. Pancreas. Liver.
Transport/Circulatory System:
 Heart & Blood Vessels (veins/arteries/capillaries).
 How does the pulmonary circuit differ from the systemic circuit?
 Components of blood (cellular vs. non-cellular)
 How do SA & AV nodes regulate the “myogenic contractions” in cardiac tissue?
 How do arteries, veins, and capillaries differ in structure & function?
Hepatic Portal System: blood (deoxy/high
nutrients) from mesenteric veins (small & large
intestines) flows to inferior side of liver via the
hepatic portal vein. Liver helps to detoxify &
metabolize goodies/badies. The deoxy blood
leaves the superior side of the liver & connects
to the inferior vena cava & goes back to the
heart/lung. Hepatic artery branches off the
abdominal aorta & directs blood (oxygenated/
low nutrients) to liver cells. The blood mixes in
the capillaries/sinuses within the liver.
Respiratory System
 Mechanisms of ventilation. Involves muscles contracting, changes in volume and pressure
 Main muscles involved.
 Gas Exchange: structure of an alveolus
Immune system
 Non-specific (barriers, phagocytes, inhospitable environments like low pH of stomach, etc…)
 Specific defense: Lymphocytes = T cells and B cells. B cells differentiate into cells (plasma cells)
that produce antibodies. How do T cells and B cells relate to one another? Antibodies bind to
antigens, targeting the pathogen for further attack. The image on the left is more related to
Chapter 11 than Ch 6, but just so you see lots of different cells involved.
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Study Guide Spring Test 1 2011
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NO HIV Questions. We will go over with chapter 11/17.
Nervous System: Central vs. peripheral
 sensory neuron (pressure, temperature) vs. motor neuron/neuro-muscular junction
 structure and function of neurons: axons/dendrites/myelin
 ”resting potential” vs. “action potential”: difference in polarity (charge across cell membrane).
o What transmembrane proteins involved to maintain the charge or alter the charge? Na+-K+
pumps, voltage gated Na+ channels, voltage gated K+ channels
 What steps are necessary to conduct an action potential within a neuron? diagram on p 179
 What kinds of functions do nerve cells carry out? How do they communicate with one another?
Homeostatic Mechanisms in The Human Body
 Most homeostatic mechanisms in the body are negative, acting to oppose the stimulus. Ex. If we get
too hot, we sweat, adjust blood flow, increase diameter of vessels all to help decrease body temp.
 body temperature homeostasis
 heart rate (AV & SA nodes)/ blood pressure homeostasis
 blood glucose. Hormones: insulin & glucagon. How do they affect blood glucose levels?
Human Reproduction. Structure of male vs. female structures
Menstrual cycle: regulated by Brain hormones/ovaries connection. GnRH, LH, FSH, Estrogen,
Progesterone. Negative feedback loops. If Estrogen and progesterone are elevated, they help to
decrease LH & FSH levels. ”Spiking” LH triggers follicle release (ovulation).
NO In-vitro fertilization
Chapter 7 Nucleic Acids and Proteins
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
Replication: 5’ to 3’ (leading & lagging strands)
o Meselson & Stahl expts: semi conservative replication.
o dNTP: deoxynucleoside triphosphate. Losing the two phosphate groups provides E for
forming bonds in the formation of DNA
o Figures 7.5 & 7.7. Know these
 Importance of replication bubbles…simultaneous replication
Transcription: Where? Why? Which strand?
 Sense vs. antisense strand. Antisense is what is transcribed. So the sense strand is like?
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Study Guide Spring Test 1 2011
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

Study Guide Spring Test 2 2011
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Promoter & terminator sequences
Processing of transcript:
o Removal of introns prior to translation
o Cutting into separate mRNAs
 Translation: know Fig 7.12. 5’ to 3’.
 What is needed? Where does it occur?
 Ribosomes
o Subunits: large subunit with A (adding),P (growing protein), E(exit) binding sites
 Codons=AA & commands (start & stops)
 Phases:
o Initiation: AUG, the start codon......read by ribosome…a tRNA w/ anticodon UAC binds to
mRNA/ribosome complex
o Elongation: tRNAs bring correct AA to form the protein
 Translocation: movement of tRNAs across ribosomal binding sites during elongation
o Termination: one of the stop codons in the mRNA in binding site A.
 A release factor (a protein) catalyses release of the tRNA in binding site P…releasing
the peptide.
Chapter 9 Plant Science
 Vascular tissue
o Xylem vs. phloem
 Different qualities?
 Angiosperms
o Control of flowering
 Role of phytochrome: Pr to Pfr
 Plant Hormones:
o Auxin & phototropism. Cell elongation.
o Gibberelin: germination & starch metabolism.
o Ethylene: ripening
o Abscisic acid: stress hormone…no water…time to close stomata
 Xerophytes: adaptations? Role of CAM photosynthesis?
 Transpiration
o Factors affecting
o Stomata & Guard Cells
 How does structure of guard cell play a role? What causes opening & closing?
 Movement of water & minerals
o Properties of water that play a role?
o Transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism
 Movement of organic molecules: translocation
o From where to where?
IB Biology Jrs
Study Guide Spring Test 1 2011
JIB