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IB Biology Study Guide Fall Final 2014 SIB Chapter 6 Human Health & Physiology Digestion: pathway. What secretions and functions along the way? Mouth . Pharynx. Esophagus. Stomach. Small & Large Intestines, rectum and anus. Why do we need to digest food? Macromolecules to monomers. Difference between absorption and assimilation? Structure of a villi, include capillaries and lacteals What happens to undigested nutrients not absorbed thru villi? Accessory structures: Salivary glands, Gall Bladder. Pancreas. Liver. Transport/Circulatory System: Heart & Blood Vessels (veins/arteries/capillaries). How does the pulmonary circuit differ from the systemic circuit? Components of blood (cellular vs. non-cellular) How do SA & AV nodes regulate the “myogenic contractions” in cardiac tissue? How do arteries, veins, and capillaries differ in structure & function? Hepatic Portal System: blood (deoxy/high nutrients) from mesenteric veins (small & large intestines) flows to inferior side of liver via the hepatic portal vein. Liver helps to detoxify & metabolize goodies/badies. The deoxy blood leaves the superior side of the liver & connects to the inferior vena cava & goes back to the heart/lung. Hepatic artery branches off the abdominal aorta & directs blood (oxygenated/ low nutrients) to liver cells. The blood mixes in the capillaries/sinuses within the liver. Respiratory System Mechanisms of ventilation. Involves muscles contracting, changes in volume and pressure Main muscles involved. Gas Exchange: structure of an alveolus Immune system Non-specific (barriers, phagocytes, inhospitable environments like low pH of stomach, etc…) Specific defense: Lymphocytes = T cells and B cells. B cells differentiate into cells (plasma cells) that produce antibodies. How do T cells and B cells relate to one another? Antibodies bind to antigens, targeting the pathogen for further attack. The image on the left is more related to Chapter 11 than Ch 6, but just so you see lots of different cells involved. IB Biology Jrs Study Guide Spring Test 1 2011 JIB IB Biology Jrs Study Guide Spring Test 2 2011 JIB NO HIV Questions. We will go over with chapter 11/17. Nervous System: Central vs. peripheral sensory neuron (pressure, temperature) vs. motor neuron/neuro-muscular junction structure and function of neurons: axons/dendrites/myelin ”resting potential” vs. “action potential”: difference in polarity (charge across cell membrane). o What transmembrane proteins involved to maintain the charge or alter the charge? Na+-K+ pumps, voltage gated Na+ channels, voltage gated K+ channels What steps are necessary to conduct an action potential within a neuron? diagram on p 179 What kinds of functions do nerve cells carry out? How do they communicate with one another? Homeostatic Mechanisms in The Human Body Most homeostatic mechanisms in the body are negative, acting to oppose the stimulus. Ex. If we get too hot, we sweat, adjust blood flow, increase diameter of vessels all to help decrease body temp. body temperature homeostasis heart rate (AV & SA nodes)/ blood pressure homeostasis blood glucose. Hormones: insulin & glucagon. How do they affect blood glucose levels? Human Reproduction. Structure of male vs. female structures Menstrual cycle: regulated by Brain hormones/ovaries connection. GnRH, LH, FSH, Estrogen, Progesterone. Negative feedback loops. If Estrogen and progesterone are elevated, they help to decrease LH & FSH levels. ”Spiking” LH triggers follicle release (ovulation). NO In-vitro fertilization Chapter 7 Nucleic Acids and Proteins Replication: 5’ to 3’ (leading & lagging strands) o Meselson & Stahl expts: semi conservative replication. o dNTP: deoxynucleoside triphosphate. Losing the two phosphate groups provides E for forming bonds in the formation of DNA o Figures 7.5 & 7.7. Know these Importance of replication bubbles…simultaneous replication Transcription: Where? Why? Which strand? Sense vs. antisense strand. Antisense is what is transcribed. So the sense strand is like? IB Biology Jrs Study Guide Spring Test 1 2011 JIB IB Biology Jrs Study Guide Spring Test 2 2011 JIB Promoter & terminator sequences Processing of transcript: o Removal of introns prior to translation o Cutting into separate mRNAs Translation: know Fig 7.12. 5’ to 3’. What is needed? Where does it occur? Ribosomes o Subunits: large subunit with A (adding),P (growing protein), E(exit) binding sites Codons=AA & commands (start & stops) Phases: o Initiation: AUG, the start codon......read by ribosome…a tRNA w/ anticodon UAC binds to mRNA/ribosome complex o Elongation: tRNAs bring correct AA to form the protein Translocation: movement of tRNAs across ribosomal binding sites during elongation o Termination: one of the stop codons in the mRNA in binding site A. A release factor (a protein) catalyses release of the tRNA in binding site P…releasing the peptide. Chapter 9 Plant Science Vascular tissue o Xylem vs. phloem Different qualities? Angiosperms o Control of flowering Role of phytochrome: Pr to Pfr Plant Hormones: o Auxin & phototropism. Cell elongation. o Gibberelin: germination & starch metabolism. o Ethylene: ripening o Abscisic acid: stress hormone…no water…time to close stomata Xerophytes: adaptations? Role of CAM photosynthesis? Transpiration o Factors affecting o Stomata & Guard Cells How does structure of guard cell play a role? What causes opening & closing? Movement of water & minerals o Properties of water that play a role? o Transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism Movement of organic molecules: translocation o From where to where? IB Biology Jrs Study Guide Spring Test 1 2011 JIB