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Name___________________________Date____________________Hour________
4.3 Succession
Primary and Secondary Succession
 Ecological succession- a series of ___________________________________ that occur in a
community over time.
 Ecosystems change over time as species ___________________________and new species
____________________________in -especially after _______________________________
 During succession, the number of different species present typically ____________________.
Primary Succession
 primary succession- changes begin in an area with ________________________________ of an
older community
o Bare rock
o __________________________________________________
o Takes 100+ years
 ______________________________
 Glaciers
o ……Leave ______________________________________
 Glacier Bay, Alaska, a retreating glacier exposed barren rock.
 Takes a long time for ___________________________establish themselves on bare rock…
 Pioneer Species- ____________________________to establish themselves on BARE ROCK
 _________________________ - 1st to establish themselves on rocks…
 They fix ____________________________& break down rock to form soil.
 Certain _____________, like those that colonized Krakatau volcano are _________________.
Secondary Succession
 secondary succession
 _________________________________________
 survives a disturbance
Name___________________________Date____________________Hour________
 Changes happen more _____________________________________________
 Plants and community can re-grow rapidly.
 Secondary succession often follows a ____________________, ________________________, or
other natural disturbance.
 We think of these events as ______________________, but many species are adapted to them.
 Secondary succession can also follow human activities like __________________________ and
________________________________.
Why Succession Occurs
 Every organism _______________________________the environment it lives in.
 Ex.) Lichens add __________________________and form ______________ so that mosses and
other plants can colonize and grow.
o Organic matter continues to _____________________________________
o Other species _______________________________________________
o Change the environment further.
o More species can find suitable niches & survive.
Climax Communities
 Ecologists used to think that succession would produce a _______________climax community.
 Recent studies have shown that succession doesn’t always follow the same path.
 Climax communities are not always ________________________& ________________
Succession After Natural Disturbances
 Secondary succession in healthy ecosystems often reproduces the original ________________
 Healthy coral reefs and tropical rain forests often recover from storms, and healthy temperate forests
and grasslands recover from wildfires.
Succession After Human-Caused Disturbances
 Ecosystems may or may not recover from extensive human-caused disturbances.
 Ex