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English 10
Grammar
Mona Shores High School
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Unit 1
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Parts of Speech
Sentence Patterns
Phrases
Clauses
Sentence Types
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UNIT I
LESSON ONE: PARTS OF SPEECH
Parts of speech refer to the ways in which words are used in sentences. Words can be used in eight
different ways; therefore, there are eight parts of speech: noun, pronoun, verb, preposition, adjective,
adverb, conjunction, and interjection.
1. Noun – a word or word group that names a person, place, thing, quality, idea or action.
a. boy (person)
b. Jimmy (person)
c. school (place)
d. Michigan (place)
e. pencil (thing)
f. Xerox machine (thing)
g. wisdom (quality)
h. joy (quality)
i. poverty (idea)
j. freedom (idea)
k. decision (action)
l. punishment (action)
Pronoun – a word used in place of a noun.
Examples: I, you, she, it, which, that, themselves, whoever, me, he, they, my, mine, etc.
3. Verb – a word that expresses action or state of being, or that links the subject to something.
a. Action Verbs: run, walk, smell, eat, think, write, look, jump, ride, etc.
b. Linking Verbs: (always) am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being
(sometimes) seem, smell, look, taste, grow, feel, remain, sound, appear, stand, stay, become
*(to test whether these words are action or linking, substitute seem; if it works, the verb is
linking)
c. Helping Verbs: has, have, had, am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being, should, could, would,
do, does, did, must, may, might, can, shall, will (were talking, am running)
4. Preposition – a word (or group of words) that shows the relationship between its object (a noun or a
pronoun that follows the preposition) and another word in the sentence.
a. under the house
b. around the world
c. from the board
d. to the west
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Memorize this list:
About
Above
across
After
against
along
amid
among
around
At
before
behind
below
beneath
beside
besides
between
beyond
but (meaning
except)
by
concerning
despite
down
during
except
for
from
in
inside
into
off
on
onto
opposite
out
outside
over
past
till
to
toward
under
underneath
until
up
upon
like
near
of
since
through
throughout
with
within
without
There are others but these are the main prepositions you will need to know for English 10.
5. Adjective – describes or modifies a noun or pronoun. (A, an and the are always adjectives).
a.
b.
c.
d.
red box (what kind?)
smart girl (which one?)
all fathers (how many?)
no laundry (how much?)
NOTE: adjectives can appear before or after the nouns or pronouns they modify.
The red box belongs to me.
The box, red with paint, belonged to me.
The box was red.
6. Adverb – modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb. An adverb tells when, where, in what
manner or how, to what extent. (Most adverbs end in -ly.)
a. loudly (how)
b. yesterday (when)
c. there (where)
d. quickly (in what manner)
e. daily (when)
f. greatly (to what extent)
NOTE: adverbs can appear before or after the word they modify, or they can shift
It was a very common name. (before)
The elevator had gone up. (after)
He turned suddenly and ran. OR Suddenly, he turned and ran. (shift)
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7. Conjunction – connects individual words or groups of words
Coordinating conjunctions: and, or, but, for, nor, so, yet
a. Bob and Suzi walked.
b. I ran, but he walked.
c. I ran to the store and walked home.
d. I ran, so I was tired.
NOTE: use a comma before the conjunction if it joins two sentences
Correlative conjunctions: both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, whether…to
a. Both the dog and the cat were eating.
b. I want either to swim or to snorkel.
c. Neither Don nor Sue was ready for the dance.
d. My wife is not only beautiful but also smart.
e. He did not know whether to stay or to go.
Subordinating conjunctions: these are used to connect two complete ideas (the one with the
subordinating conjunction will be a clause – not a complete sentence but has a subject and a
verb)
a. As soon as we turned our backs, the cat jumped onto the table.
b. Few students signed up because the weather was poor.
c. If I win a million dollars, I will buy a new house.
d. I will buy a new house if I win a million dollars.
Conjunctive adverbs: these always join two sentences with a semi-colon (;) and are followed by
a comma (,)
a. He went for a walk; however, he got lost on the way back.
b. We are going to the zoo; therefore, we will probably see a monkey.
NOTE: Conjunctive adverbs must join two sentences. This is not a conjunctive adverb – I don’t
think, however, that you should go with me.
8. Interjection – a word (or words) used to communicate strong emotion or surprise (wow, yes, no)
a. Oh, I didn’t know that.
b. Yes! I’d love to go to the movies.
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Name: __________________________________
Exercise 1:
 Underline all nouns &pronouns once (hint: look for a, an & the; also, do NOT underline
nouns or pronouns used as adjectives)
 Underline the verbs twice (label LV for linking verb & AV for action verb)
 Circle prepositional phrases (remember, they end in a noun or pronoun and can
contain adjectives)
 Label the remaining words: adverb, adjective, conjunction, interjection
1. John had once been lost on the Yukon River, but he was rescued after an extensive search.
2. The jewels were hiding in a box of rubbish, and they were thrown in the garbage.
3. Do you work at the museum after school, or do you go straight home?
4. The sudden illness of the leading lady forced a change in our plans.
5. For 20 years, the man in the iron mask captured everyone's imagination.
6. Before a holiday, a feeling of excitement invades the school.
7. A cloud of smoke appeared on the horizon, and the fire alarms sounded around the town.
8. Dennis clung to the rock with his fingertips; he was finally rescued before dinner.
9. Very little could be seen through the fog, so we did not leave for our trip until the next day.
10. The Honors Assembly lasted two hours, which was too long for most of the students.
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Name: ___________________________________
Exercise 2: Write the following sentences. Remember to include capital letters and end marks.
Spelling counts. Underline what is asked for in the sentence.
1. Begin a sentence with a prepositional phrase.
2. Write a question with a prepositional phrase modifying the word “happy” (hint: put prepositional
phrase after the word “happy”).
3. Write a sentence that has four nouns and two prepositional phrases.
4. Write a sentence that has a pronoun.
5. Write a question that has a pronoun and a prepositional phrase.
6. Write a sentence with a helping verb before an action verb.
7. Write a question using a linking verb.
8. Write a sentence with “look” as a linking verb.
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9. Write a sentence with “look” as an action verb.
10. Write a sentence using a three-word verb phrase.
11. Write a sentence with an adjective (you may not use a, an, or the) modifying the subject.
12. Write a sentence with an adverb telling when.
13. Write a sentence with an adverb ending in –ly.
14. Write a sentence that begins with an interjection.
15. Write two sentences joined by a coordinating conjunction (remember to use a comma before the
conjunction).
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ENGLISH 10
UNIT I
LESSON TWO: SENTENCE PATTERNS
Every sentence in the English language follows certain patterns and has certain elements. You must be
able to recognize the elements in order to understand the sentence better.
A sentence is a group of words with two main parts: a subject (who/what did it?) and a verb/predicate
(what was done?).
1. Subjects – tell who or what the sentence is about.
a. Subjects are either nouns or pronouns (Bob, he).
b. Subjects may be single words or groups of words (Mary, Empire State Building).
c. Subjects may have adjectives (The blue book, His funny girl).
d. Subjects may be compound (Sue and Bob, the dog and the cat).
e. Subjects always come before the verb, except in questions (Will you come here?), in
sentences that begin with “here” or “there” (Here is my book.), and in sentences to emphasize
the subject (High on the cliff was an eagle.).
f. Subjects could be understood (Stand here. – you is understood to be the subject).
g. Subjects will never be found in prepositional phrases.
2. Verbs – word or words that make a statement about the subject; show action, state of being or link
something to the subject.
a. Verbs can be single words or a group of words (ran, will run, have been running).
b. Verbs can be compound (ran and jumped).
c. Verbs can be action or linking (ran, is).
d. Verbs generally follow subjects, except in questions (Is Jim here?), in sentences that
begin with “here” or “there” (Here is my book.), and in sentences to emphasize the
subject (Over the mountain was the train.).
e. Verbs can be separated by other words (will not run, can we go).
f. Verbs will never be found in prepositional phrases.
3. Direct Objects – a noun or pronoun that receives the action of an action verb. (He hit the ball.)
4. Indirect Objects – a noun or pronoun that appears with a direct object and names the person or
thing that something is given to or done for. (He gave me the ball).
5. Predicate Nouns – noun or pronoun that appears with a linking verb and renames, identifies or
explains the subject. (He is the winner.)
6. Predicate Adjective – an adjective that appears with a linking verb and describes the subject. (I am
happy.)
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A sentence is a group of words containing a verb and its subject and expressing a complete thought.
Sentences follow one of five traditional patterns:
S+V
a. Pete shouted.
b. Pete shouted loudly.
c. He walked.
d. He walked down the street.
e. Halt! (understood subject – "you")
S + LV + PA
a. I am tired.
b. Mary looked frazzled.
c. Tom was late for school.
S + LV + PN
a. He was a doctor.
b. During the summer, I am a life guard.
c. It is I.
S + AV + DO
a. Tom hit the ball.
b. A group of musicians entered the concert.
c. We watched the old movie after school last night.
S + AV + IO + DO
a. Give me that book, please. ("you")
b. He bought me a candy bar for lunch.
c. You show me a hero, and I'll write you a tragedy.
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Name: ____________________________________
EXERCISE 1: Compose original sentences following the directions for each item.
1. S + AV + the prepositional phrase "over the fence"
2. S + LV + PN using criminal as the PN
3. S + AV + IO + DO using my sister as the IO
4. S + LV + 2 PA's using am as the verb
5. S + AV + DO using punishment as the DO
6. S + AV + DO with 2 prepositional phrases and English class as the DO (be careful not to put English
class in a prepositional phrase)
7. S + LV + PN using my teacher as the subject
8. S + AV + IO + DO with 3 prepositional phrases and gave as the verb
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Name: ___________________________________
EXERCISE 2: Using the chart below, identify and label the pattern of each of the following
sentences.
1) cross off prepositional phrases and adverbs
2) underline verb twice and label (LV or AV)
3) underline subject (noun or pronoun) once and label
4) label PA or PN if LV
5) label DO with possible IO if AV.
6) If it is a question, re-write as a sentence.
Pattern 1 = S + V
Pattern 4 = S + AV + DO
Pattern 2 = S + LV + PA
Pattern 5 = S + AV + IO + DO
Pattern 3 = S + LV + PN
_____ 1. My new friends in the big city brought me a cake.
_____ 2. The storm struck the coast.
_____ 3. Food spoils during the hot summer months.
_____ 4. The convention’s delegates gave our candidate its endorsement.
_____ 5. That animal is definitely a wolf.
_____ 6. Lemons taste sour.
_____ 7. I will run to the store for mom.
_____ 8. The voters rejected the amendment.
_____ 9. The men in gray coats are Health Department officials.
_____10. The boy sent Barbara a love letter.
_____11. The ten exchange students in the study hall arrived late today.
_____12. Those stupid kids drank the dirty and slimy water from the pond.
_____13. Do you always leave early?
_____14. Will Mary ask you the right questions?
_____15. Are you a graduate of Shores?
_____16. There are three girls in the band.
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Name: ___________________________________
UNIT I
MASTERY TEST REVIEW (28 points)
PART 1: SENTENCE PATTERNS (1 point each)
Using the chart below, identify and label the pattern of each of the following sentences.
1) cross off prepositional phrases and adverbs
2) underline verb twice and label (LV or AV)
3) underline subject once and label
4) label PA or PN if LV
5) label DO with possible IO if AV
6) If it is a question, re-write as a sentence
Pattern 1 = S + V
Pattern 2 = S + LV + PA
Pattern 3 = S + LV + PN
Pattern 4 = S + AV + DO
Pattern 5 = S + AV + IO + DO
_____ 1. I gave my mom a gift of flowers yesterday.
_____ 2. I arrived at the concert before the rest of my friends.
_____ 3. Bill surprised me with his invitation for Saturday night.
_____ 4. Jay bought Sue a card for her birthday.
_____ 5. Sewing is a productive hobby.
_____ 6. His conscientious attitude is rare and profitable for the company.
_____ 7. Is Tom the chairperson for our committee?
_____ 8. Has Jim marked the calendar for the date of the play?
_____ 9. A band of musicians played late into the evening at the dance club.
_____10. Greg looks helpless and sad tonight.
PART 2: COMPOSING SENTENCES (2 points each)
Compose original sentences following the directions for each item.
1. Write a sentence with “beautiful” as the PA.
2. Write a sentence with “teacher” as the PN.
3. Write a question with “ball” as the DO.
4. Write a sentence with “my sister” as the IO.
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PART 3. (1 point each)
In this passage, certain sentences have been underlined and numbered. Each question consists of a
sentence pattern. Circle the appropriate letter.
I bet your morning habits are a lot like mine. However, it takes a while for me to get going. My mom
wakes me in the morning at 6:30 a.m. I usually do not get out of bed until 6:45 a.m. I like my pillow too
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much. I then run down the stairs to beat my sister to the shower. She is quicker than me usually. I have
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to beat her to the shower; otherwise, I have to wait for almost a half hour. She takes a long time. Finally,
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when it is my turn, my mom gives me a towel. I like the towel with the seashells on it. It is my favorite. I
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only spend about 5 minutes in the shower. After that, I brush my teeth. I also take care of other personal
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stuff. Picking out the right clothes is difficult for me. I wish I were like my dad. He is a dentist. He
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doesn’t have to think about his clothes because he wears the same outfit every day – at least that’s what
it seems like to me. After I get dressed, I eat a hearty breakfast. Then, I am happy. By then, my bus
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arrives. And the next day, I start my pattern all over again.
1. A. S + V
B. S + LV + PA
C. S + LV + PN
D. S + AV + DO
E. S + AV + IO + DO
6. A. S + V
B. S + LV + PA
C. S + LV + PN
D. S + AV + DO
E. S + AV + IO + DO
2. A. S + V
B. S + LV + PA
C. S + LV + PN
D. S + AV + DO
E. S + AV + IO + DO
7. A. S + V
B. S + LV + PA
C. S + LV + PN
D. S + AV + DO
E. S + AV + IO + DO
3. A. S + V
B. S + LV + PA
C. S + LV + PN
D. S + AV + DO
E. S + AV + IO + DO
8. A. S + V
B. S + LV + PA
C. S + LV + PN
D. S + AV + DO
E. S + AV + IO + DO
4. A. S + V
B. S + LV + PA
C. S + LV + PN
D. S + AV + DO
E. S + AV + IO + DO
9. A. S + V
B. S + LV + PA
C. S + LV + PN
D. S + AV + DO
E. S + AV + IO + DO
5. A. S + V
B. S + LV + PA
C. S + LV + PN
D. S + AV + DO
E. S + AV + IO + DO
10. A. S + V
B. S + LV + PA
C. S + LV + PN
D. S + AV + DO
E. S + AV + IO + DO
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ENGLISH 10
UNIT I
LESSON THREE: PHRASES
A phrase is two or more related words (without a subject and a verb) that function as a single sentence
part (either noun, adjective, or adverb). There are three kinds of phrases:
1. Prepositional – begins with a preposition and includes its object and any words modifying the object
a. We learned the facts of life yesterday.
b. After the dance, I walked home.
c. He can identify most trees by their bark.
2. Appositive – a noun or noun phrase that renames a nearby noun
a. My mom, the woman over there, is deaf.
b. Politicians, acrobats at heart, can sit on the fence and yet keep both ears to the ground.
c. The owl, a creature of the night, is difficult to see.
3. Verbal
a. Participial phrase– a verb form ending in -ed or -ing that is used as an adjective. Ex. – Being a
philosopher, I have a problem for every solution.
b. Gerund phrase – a verb form ending in -ing that is used as a noun. Ex. – Walking our dog is
my daily chore.
c. Infinitive phrase – a verb form that appears with “to” before the verb. Ex – To side with truth
is noble.
Note 1: What is the difference between the preposition “to” and the infinitive “to”?
Note 2: What is the difference between a participal phrase and a gerund phrase?
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Name: _____________________________________
EXERCISE 1: In the following sentences, find the phrase or phrases. Circle each phrase; then,
using the chart, place a label above what you have circled. Hint: There could be a phrase within a
phrase!
App – Appositive
Ger – Gerund Phrase
Inf – Infinitive
Part – Participial Phrase
Prep – Prepositional Phrase
1. Prying the wheel off the car took me nearly an hour.
2. On career day, Ms. Johnson talked about electrical engineering.
3. Pam, the tallest girl on the team, tried dribbling the ball, but her defender blocked her.
4. Running through the woods is fun to do.
5. Running through the woods, John knew he had to escape from the bear.
6. Jeff, forgetting his promise to Sue, asked Janice to the dance, the biggest of the year.
7. I wanted to ask Alice to Prom, but she was already going with Steve, my best friend.
8. Waving to the crowd, the prince acknowledged his love to the princess.
9. I went to the store to buy milk for my grandmother, a wonderful lady.
10. Singing before the massive audience was the high point of the night.
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Name: _____________________________________
EXERCISE 2: Compose original sentences following the directions for each item.
1. Write a sentence with the appositive “my smartest teacher.”
2. Write a question with to infinitive “to smell.”
3. Write a sentence with “finishing the race” as the subject.
4. Write a sentence with “finishing the race” as the participial phrase.
5. Write a sentence about grammar using a prepositional phrase.
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ENGLISH 10
UNIT I
LESSON FOUR: CLAUSES
A clause (subordinate or dependent) is two or more related words that contain a verb and its subject, but
do not express a complete thought. A clause functions as a single sentence part, either noun, adjective,
or adverb. Clauses usually begin with an introductory word.
a. The arrow that has left the bow never returns.
Adjectiveb. I prefer the teacher who listens to her students.
c. My best toy, which cost $5, is in the living room.
(who, which, that, whom, whose, when, where)
a. When the well is dry, we know the worth of water.
Adverb-
b. Venice would be a fine city if it were only drained.
c. Because he arrived late, he missed the show.
(after, although, as, as if, because, before, even
though, if, since, so that, than, unless, when, where,
whether, while)
a. Whoever gossips to you will gossip about you.
Nounb. I will do whatever you like.
c. That she cheated has now been determined.
(who, which, that, how, whoever, whom, whomever,
what, whatever, when, where, whether, whose, why)
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Name: _________________________________________
EXERCISE 1. Using the chart below, label each item.
S = sentence (S+V; complete thought)
P = phrase (no S; no V)
CL = clause (S+V; no complete thought)
_____ 1. One arrow is easily broken.
_____ 2. Without music.
_____ 3. If you scatter thorns.
_____ 4. Don't go barefoot.
_____ 5. Stop that!
_____ 6. What you are.
_____ 7. Tell me a story.
_____ 8. May I leave the room for a moment?
_____ 9. Dangling by a thread.
_____10. Roping a calf is great fun.
_____11. Life would be a mistake without music.
_____12. Because you arrived so much later than I.
_____13. I want to wash the flag, not burn it!
_____14. Love your neighbor.
_____15. After the long, hot summer.
_____16. After he washed and polished the car.
_____17. Clauses come in two varieties.
_____18. A cousin of mine on my mother's side.
_____19. Whoever climbs that tree first.
_____20. That song breaks my heart.
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Name: _____________________________________
EXERCISE 2: Compose original sentences following the directions for each item.
1. Write a sentence using “who is my best friend” as an adjective clause.
2. Write a sentence using “where there is sunshine” as an adjective clause.
3. Write a sentence using “where there is sunshine” as an adverb clause.
4. Write a sentence using “where there is sunshine” as a noun clause.
5. Write a sentence using “which is my favorite” as an adjective clause.
6. Write a sentence using “since we won the race” as an adverb clause.
7. Write a sentence using “after” to begin a prepositional phrase.
8. Write a sentence using “after” to begin an adverb clause.
9. Write a sentence using “unless you pay me $5” as an adverb clause.
10. Write a sentence using “whoever wins the race” as a noun clause.
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ENGLISH 10
UNIT I
LESSON FIVE: TYPES OF SENTENCES
There are four basic sentence types: the simple sentence, the compound sentence, the complex sentence,
and the compound-complex sentence. We will examine them one at a time.
1. The Simple Sentence (S+V) – a single independent clause with its modifiers.
EXAMPLES: a. He walked the dog.
b. He took one look and shrugged his shoulders.
c. Mary and Tony spent the day studying.
2. The Compound Sentence (S+V) + (; or conjunction w/ comma) + (S+V) – two or more
independent clauses and their modifiers joined by a coordinating conjunction (and, or, but,
nor, yet, for, so) or a conjunctive adverb (however, moreover, therefore, thus, indeed) or a
semi-colon.
EXAMPLES: a. He walked the dog, but he never had to feed the cats.
b. He took one look and shrugged his shoulders; however, he didn't say
anything.
c. Mary and Tony spent the day studying; they never took a break.
3. The Complex Sentence (S+V) + Clause – an independent clause and its modifiers with one or
more dependent clauses attached.
EXAMPLES: a. He walked the dog, which was one of the most expensive breeds in the
world. (adj. clause)
b. As soon as he entered the room, he took one look and shrugged his
shoulders. (adv. clause)
c. Mary and Tony spent the day studying in the library, where they first met.
(adv. clause)
4. The Compound-Complex Sentence (S+V) + (; or conjunction w/ comma) + (S+V) + Clause –
two or more independent clauses with one or more dependent clauses attached.
EXAMPLES: a. He walked the dog, which was one of the most expensive breeds in the
world, but he never had to feed the cats.
b. As soon as he entered the room, he took one look and shrugged his
shoulders; however, he didn't say anything when I questioned his answer.
c. Mary and Tony spent the day studying in the library, where they first met;
they never took a break.
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Name: _____________________________________
EXERCISE 1: Write the following sentences. Remember, include capital letters and end marks.
Spelling counts.
1. Write a simple sentence about your best friend.
2. Make your simple sentence about your best friend into a compound sentence using “and” as the
conjunction.
3. Make your simple sentence about your best friend into a complex sentence.
4. Combine your compound sentence and your complex sentence about your best friend into a
compound-complex sentence.
5. Write a compound sentence about food using “therefore” as the conjunction.
6. Write a compound sentence about Mona Shores using only a semi-colon to join two sentences.
7. Write a complex sentence about money using a preposition word to begin the clause.
8. Write a complex sentence about your favorite class using “which” as the clausal word.
9. Write a compound-complex sentence about the weather.
10. Write a compound-complex sentence about fashion that begins with the clause.
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Name: _______________________________________
EXERCISE 2: Using the chart below, identify the types of sentences.
Hint: find (;) or comma and a conjunction (these can only be 2 or 4). Next, find verbs and their
corresponding subjects.
1 = simple sentence (S+V)
2 = compound sentence (S+V) + conj. + (S+V)
3 = complex sentence (S+V) + clause
4 = compound-complex sentence (S+V) + conj. + (S+V) + clause
_____ 1. When Amy performs her gymnastics routine, her mother watches proudly.
_____ 2. Are Charlotte and Sandra the youngest of their children?
_____ 3. Working would be dull if Jim did not tell his jokes every day.
_____ 4. Salem invited Ann to meet him for lunch; she happily accepted the invitation.
_____ 5. Doesn't the sun's warmth feel wonderful after the rain has stopped?
_____ 6. I have paid the postage on the package, and I will mail it Thursday.
_____ 7. On our Fourth of July trip, we visited Lake City for a picnic and a boat ride.
_____ 8. Be careful; I don't want to hurt you.
_____ 9. Sisters can be fun, frustrating, helpful, annoying, and loving.
_____10. Shall we sail along the island that was once inhabited by pirates?
_____11. People who are nervous often laugh to hide their tension.
_____12. The shelves were clean and looked neatly organized.
_____13. When she smelled the coffee, she stopped working and relaxed.
_____14. Either the son or the father wants to drive the car, but I won't let either of them.
_____15. The storm that came out of the north was menacing, so we stayed in the house.
_____16. Get ready, and I'll pick you up so that we can arrive together.
_____17. Saturn is a planet that is easy to recognize through a telescope.
_____18. The boy who snores in class will be asked to leave; then, we can hear the teacher.
_____19. I think; therefore, I am.
_____20. The girl in the third race will probably win with her new shoes and her extreme confidence.
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Name: ______________________________________
ENGLISH 10
UNIT I
MASTERY TEST REVIEW (26 points)
PART 1: TYPES OF SENTENCES (1 point each)
Using the chart below, identify the types of sentences that follow.
1. Simple Sentence (S+V)
2. Compound Sentence (S+V) + conj. + (S+V)
3. Complex Sentence (S+V) + clause
4. Compound-Complex Sentence (S+V) + conj. + (S+V) + clause
_____ 1. The business letter is concise and courteous, and it is also well written.
_____ 2. She prepared herself for the new time change by scheduling her daily routines earlier.
_____ 3. When she went home to visit her father, she always loved awakening to the smell of
coffee perking.
_____ 4. The rose garden flourished each summer, and, although it was an added responsibility for
Char, she cherished each lovely bud that appeared.
_____ 5. The tomato appeared overripe, but it tasted sweet and juicy.
_____ 6. John anchored the boat close to shore and let it drift before he began casting his line.
_____ 7. Ellen takes time each morning to stretch.
_____ 8. Greg, who is an Olympic bike racer, placed first in two races last week in Germany, but
he did not finish the race in England
_____ 9. The boy hiding under his bed was trying to escape from his mother.
_____10. I mailed the letter Tuesday although Harold did not get it until Friday.
PART 2: COMPOSING SENTENCES (2 points each)
Compose original sentences following the directions for each item.
1. Write a simple sentence about your best friend.
2. Write a compound sentence about music.
3. Write a complex sentence about an animal.
4. Write a compound-complex sentence about your favorite place.
24
PART 3. (1 point each)
In these passages, certain sentences have been underlined and numbered. Each question consists
of a type of sentence. Circle the appropriate letter.
PASSAGE 1
Bricks may be the oldest building material on Earth, and they were probably discovered by accident.
1
The Empire State Building has more than 10 million bricks, and the Great Wall of China has almost 4
billion. Homes, factories and roads can all be built of brick, but the first bricks were probably formed
2
when somebody realized that it could be used for building. It was probably discovered along a river,
3
such as the Nile River in Egypt. The oldest sun-dried brick, which is about 10,000 years old, is from
4
beneath the biblical city of Jericho and is about 10,000 years old.
1. A. Simple
B. Compound
C. Complex
D. Compound-Complex
3. A. Simple
B. Compound
C. Complex
D. Compound-Complex
2. A. Simple
B. Compound
C. Complex
D. Compound-Complex
4. A. Simple
B. Compound
C. Complex
D. Compound-Complex
PASSAGE 2
The California gold rush of 1849 attracted thousands of prospectors. “Go west young man!” was the cry.
Levi Strauss left New York in 1853, and he went west to San Francisco, where he planned to sell canvas
1
for tents and Conestoga wagon covers to the prospectors. He soon realized that hard-working
prospectors needed sturdy work pants. Levi had a tailor make some pants from brown canvas. Soon,
2
people were talking about “Levi’s jeans.” When the canvas was gone, Levi switched to denim, another
3
sturdy fabric. Today, whether your jeans are from Calvin Klein, JC Penney’s, or your local department
store, thank Mr. Strauss. He had the idea first, and everyone else came in second.
4
1. A. Simple
B. Compound
C. Complex
D. Compound-Complex
3. A. Simple
B. Compound
C. Complex
D. Compound-Complex
2. A. Simple
B. Compound
C. Complex
D. Compound-Complex
4. A. Simple
B. Compound
C. Complex
D. Compound-Complex
25
Unit 2



Sentence Fragments
Run-On Sentences
Comma Splices
26
ENGLISH 10
UNIT II
LESSON ONE: SENTENCE FRAGMENTS
A sentence fragment is a word group that pretends to be a sentence; remember that a complete sentence
must contain at least one independent clause – it must contain a verb and its subject, and it must express
a complete thought. Fragments are usually dependent phrases or clauses that need words added to make
them complete sentences, or that need to be attached to a nearby sentence.
There are two ways, then, to correct a sentence fragment:
1. Add whatever is needed to turn it into a sentence.
FRAGMENT:
SENTENCE:
Is one of the largest snakes. (subject needed)
The anaconda is one of the largest snakes.
FRAGMENT:
SENTENCE:
Anacondas to a length of thirty feet. (verb needed)
Anacondas can grow to a length of thirty feet.
FRAGMENT:
SENTENCE:
Although these snakes aren't poisonous. (dependent)
Although these snakes aren't poisonous, their size makes them
dangerous.
2. Attach the fragment to a nearby sentence, making sure to punctuate correctly.
*If fragment is at the beginning, ALWAYS put a comma after the fragment*
FRAGMENT:
Since we had driven both cars. We left at different times.
SENTENCE:
Since we had driven both cars, we left at different times.
*If the fragment is at the end, NORMALLY do not use any punctuation*
FRAGMENT:
We left at different times. Since we had driven both cars.
SENTENCE:
We left at different times since we had driven both cars.
*If the fragment is an appositive, use a comma before the appositive*
FRAGMENT:
We recently met Mr. Harris. A business tycoon in town.
SENTENCE:
We recently met Mr. Harris, a business tycoon in town.
*If the fragment is a clause describing the word immediately in front of the clause, use a
comma before the clause*
FRAGMENT:
We recently met Mr. Harris. Who is a business tycoon in town.
SENTENCE:
We recently met Mr. Harris, who is a business tycoon in town.
*If the fragment begins with “such as,” “including,” and “especially,” put a comma before the
fragment*
FRAGMENT:
He likes three sports. Including baseball.
SENTENCE:
He likes three sports, including baseball.
*If the fragment is a list, put a colon (:) before the fragment.
FRAGMENT:
He likes three sports. Baseball, football and basketball.
SENTENCE:
He likes three sports: baseball, football and basketball.
27
Name: ______________________________________
EXERCISE 1: Re-write as needed to make the following fragment into complete sentences; if the
item is already a complete sentence, place a "C" in the left margin.
1. If he comes to California to see the sights.
2. Seth, who complains constantly about everything.
3. After telling me about the accident.
4. Swimming each morning in her pool.
5. She insists that running is essential to good health.
6. Although the crowd seems disappointed in the outcome of the event.
7. Listen before you decide what to do.
8. Which is quite appealing and desirable.
9. Whatever you decide to do.
10. The cat lying on the couch.
11. To whom did you appeal?
12. Even though I believe he is honest, I feel skeptical.
13. While the music blared and the dancing continued.
14. Stupidly walked down the alley after dark.
15. The boy over in the corner all night.
28
Name: ______________________________________
EXERCISE 2: Correct the following fragments in one of three ways.
1) Cross off the period (lowercase next word if needed)
2) Change period to comma (lowercase next word if needed)
3) Change period to colon (lowercase next word if needed)
Place a "C" next to any item that contains no fragment.
1. If Katie arrives on time for the last event. We will ask her to speak.
2. Sally volunteered to speak at the rally. Because she felt confident in front of crowds.
3. A career that offers many diverse opportunities. Engineering is often chosen by our students.
4. We learned the hard way. That all could be resolved by careful planning.
5. Washed clean by the rain. The car looked wonderful.
6. Singing in the shower. Ben never realized we could hear him.
7. Yesterday, I left school because I was bored. Today, I stayed for the entire session.
8. To walk comfortably in new shoes. I need to have my husband stretch them.
9. Don't walk. Where the pavement is new.
10. Janet missed the game. After she forgot the time.
11. Whenever I get too bored with class. I begin to ask questions to the teacher.
12. If he gets too tired. He takes a nap.
13. Walk down the aisle slowly. Turn left at the altar and stop.
14. Phil handed Carrie her gifts. A box of candy and a gold bracelet.
15. Although taxes are increasing. The economic predictions are optimistic.
29
Name: ___________________________________________
EXERCISE 3: Correct the following fragments in one of three ways.
1) Cross off the period (lowercase next word if needed)
2) Change period to comma (lowercase next word if needed)
3) Change period to colon (lowercase next word if needed)
Place a "C" next to any item that contains no fragment.
1. For the purpose of being prepared. Please bring all of your instruction booklets.
2. I gave a copy of my paper to Mr. Smith. Because he needed a good example.
3. Before the concert even began. The guys were lined up at the door for tickets.
4. By the door of his studio. He had left his wallet and his portfolio.
5. Give me a break; I haven't slept in three nights.
6. My sister moved back home. Now, I never have any privacy or time to myself.
7. Raised on a farm with several brothers. Bob was uncomfortable in the city by himself.
8. I think we will win most of our games this season. Especially if Nick is in top shape.
9. Since he was a wonderful dancer. Scott waltzed around the ballroom for hours.
10. I did most of my homework at the doctor's office. While I waited my turn to see him.
11. Al will probably make a fool of himself. He has trouble keeping up with the rest of us.
12. Before you start yelling at me. Remember that I am very sensitive.
13. I asked four boys to the Christmas Dance this year. Tom, Phil, Jeremy, and Kent.
14. This machine has always been a mystery. Since no one will claim to have purchased it.
15. Craig will serve as a consultant to our negotiating team. He is an expert on contract language.
30
ENGLISH 10
UNIT II
LESSON TWO: RUN-ON SENTENCES/COMMA SPLICES
Some sentences are so closely related that the writer "runs" them together with no punctuation (run-on
sentences), or he joins them with a comma (comma splices). There are several ways to correct these
problems.
1. a period
RUN-ON:
COMMA SPLICE:
CORRECT:
The boys wanted pretzels the girls wanted popcorn.
The boys wanted pretzels, the girls wanted popcorn.
The boys wanted pretzels. The girls wanted popcorn.
2. a semi-colon (;)
RUN-ON:
The table is made of oak the bed is made of walnut.
COMMA SPLICE: The table is made of oak, the bed is made of walnut.
CORRECT:
The table is made of oak; the bed is made of walnut.
3. a semi-colon + a conjunctive adverb* + a comma (; however,)
RUN-ON:
The brakes on my car were faulty I had no time to fix them.
COMMA SPLICE: The brakes on my car were faulty, I had no time to fix them.
CORRECT:
The brakes on my car were faulty; however, I had no time to fix them.
4. a comma + a conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so)
RUN-ON:
Mort flew to Chicago in March he drove to Chicago in May.
COMMA SPLICE: Mort flew to Chicago in March, he drove to Chicago in May.
CORRECT:
Mort flew to Chicago in March, but he drove to Chicago in May.
5. subordination of one sentence to a modifying phrase or clause
RUN-ON:
Bob passed out right at the dance we took him to emergency.
CORRECT: Passing out right at the dance, Bob was taken to emergency. (phrase)
CORRECT: When Bob passed out at the dance, we took him to emergency. (clause)
*however, moreover, nevertheless, thus, then, therefore, and consequently
are conjunctive adverbs when they join two sentences*
***The No. 1 way to fix run-on sentences and comma splices
is to make them into two sentences using a period and capital letter.
31
Name: ______________________________________
EXERCISE 1: Label next to each item whether it is a run-on (RS), a comma splice (CS) or correct
(C). Then, correct the run-on sentences and comma splices below in one of the 5 ways listed above.
Remember, using a period and capital letter is the easiest way to fix run-on sentences and comma
splices.
___1. Jan pursued a career in finance Ben pursued a career in art.
___2. Collecting antique furniture is Tom's hobby, he often refinishes and resells his purchases.
___3. He chuckled when he heard the joke, Martha, however, thought it was distasteful.
___4. The stereo blared Dan's father was annoyed by the music.
___5. Patti was a college student this year; she worked as a part-time waitress.
___6. When the policeman approached her, she did not notice him.
___7. Will washed his clothes on Monday and washed his car on Friday, he refused to change his
habits.
___8. Although Nancy accepted the office, she did not fulfill its obligations.
___9. The plants flourished each winter their growth subsided during the summer months.
___10. The service is excellent, the food is delicious.
___11. The children were overjoyed by the sights the vacation proved to be educational as well as fun.
___12. People admire Maria for her compassion, they admire Joan for her persistence.
___13. The bathtub began overflowing I called a plumber for help.
___14. The test was difficult it covered three months' work.
___15. The time for the race neared; the tortoise and the hare approached the starting line.
___16. Stop shouting, listen to these instructions.
___17. Meg broke the porcelain dish she offered to pay for it.
___18. Ann is majoring in computer science and accounting she will begin interviewing for jobs next
year.
___19. I arrived very early for the meeting, however, everyone else was already there.
___20. You may very well prefer the red dress, but the blue one suits you better.
32
Name: _____________________________________
EXERCISE 2: Using the chart below, identify the type of error and then correct the sentences.
FRAG = sentence fragment
CS
= comma splice
RS
C
= run-on sentence
= correct sentence
_____ 1. Sit near your grandfather he cannot hear well.
_____ 2. The cruiser turned on its siren. Because the car was speeding.
_____ 3. If Del asks me to attend the conference, I will consent gladly.
_____ 4. Polly shrieked when she saw the mouse, Pete could not stop laughing.
_____ 5. Because the car was speeding. The cruiser forced it to stop.
_____ 6. The neighborhood has changed dramatically. Since you moved away.
_____ 7. I was hungry, I ate fast.
_____ 8. The steward explained the procedure, still, many passengers were afraid and panicked.
_____ 9. Of all the possible solutions, Guy chose the most creative.
_____10. The doctor diagnosed the disease accurately, next, she prescribed an effective medication.
_____11. Alice discovered the wallet on her dresser she thought she had lost it.
_____12. The jacket was a beautiful blue one. Since it was on sale, Skip decided to buy it.
_____13. Walking down the street. We saw the police cruiser.
_____14. We walked down Main Street. Where a parade of war veterans would march at noon.
_____15. I bought a new car. It is red.
_____16. The cigar smoke filled the air Henry felt nauseated and left the room.
_____17. He sang about the West and cowboys; she sang about romance and cowboys.
_____18. Pass the ketchup and mustard to Dottie pass the pickles to Penny.
_____19. The children chuckled incessantly, and their laughter was contagious.
_____20. Too many cars, all fouling up the air, are on the streets every day.
33
Name: _______________________________________
UNIT II
MASTERY TEST REVIEW
FRAGMENTS
PART 1. Decide whether the following are fragments or complete sentences. If it is a fragment,
put FRAG on the line and correct it. Be careful to punctuate correctly. If it is correct, put a C on
the line.
_____ 1. During the winter. We often sit on the floor near the fireplace.
_____ 2. Troy was hired by the manager of the store. Because of his intelligence.
_____ 3. Tom hid beneath the bridge, and Mike hid beneath the dock. While I ran through the woods to
get help.
_____4. She danced as though no one was in the room. Her graceful movements were lovely.
_____5. Among the trees walked a lone figure. Which was looking at the stars in the sky.
COMMA SPLICES
PART 2. Decide whether the following are comma splices or complete sentences. If it is a comma
splice, put CS on the line and correct it. Be careful to punctuate correctly. If it is correct, put a C
on the line.
_____1. Robert thinks that I am taller than he, however, I am not.
_____2. He made a very bad decision, however, he avoided trouble because he is so lucky.
_____3. Since my pen ran out of ink, I could not complete the letter.
_____4. She began to study for her exam weeks in advance, but she still failed the test.
_____ 5. Gone with the Wind is very historical, the movie, as well as the novel, is considered a classic.
RUN-ON SENTENCES
PART 3. Decide whether the following are run-on sentences or complete sentences. If it is a run-on
sentences, put RS on the line and correct it. Be careful to punctuate correctly. If it is correct, put a
C on the line.
_____1. Bill wants to become a teacher because jobs are easy to get now.
_____2. Your shirt is too tight for him he needs a larger size.
_____3. Mel vacations in Florida each year his family owns land and condominiums there.
_____4. The grill is hot we can begin barbecuing in a few minutes.
_____ 5. Writing precisely is an important skill communicating effectively is important also.
34
FRAGMENTS, COMMA SPLICES & RUN-ON SENTENCES
PART 4. Using the chart below, identify and correct the errors in the following sentences.
FRAG = sentence fragment
RS
= run-on sentence
CS
= comma splices
C
= correct sentence
_____ 1. He bakes a German bread and a delicious pie, however, he refuses to wash the pans.
_____ 2. She signed the legal documents. Although her lawyer assured her she didn’t have to.
_____3. Father came home early; mom did not have dinner prepared.
_____4. His time is limited, Stan refuses to give up the race.
_____5. Suzy is angry and bitter. Because Margo is always late for her haircuts.
_____6. Rain continued to pour down into the sewers the city was flooded for days.
_____7. After the storm, the trail was littered with fallen branches; the ascent became difficult.
_____8. Most of the team members were late for practice they were ordered to run a mile after the
regular workout.
_____9. By the time we reached the gate. The horses were freed from the corral.
_____10. Unless I object to the proposal, Joann will type it up as written.
35
FRAGMENTS, COMMA SPLICES & RUN-ON SENTENCES
PART 5. In each passage, certain words have been underlined and numbered. The questions
consist of alternatives for these underlined segments. Circle the alternative that will fix the
fragment, comma splice or run-on sentence. Circle “No Change” if no change is necessary.
Passage 1
Disc jockey Alan Freed coined the term “rock ‘n’ roll” in 1951, however, the music really owes its soul
1
to the black rhythm-and-blues performers in the late 1940s. One of the first African-American musicians
whom Freed introduced to white teenagers was Chuck Berry Little Richard, Otis Redding, Berry and
2
scores of others from many different backgrounds and cultures are honored at the Rock-and-Roll Hall of
Fame and Museum. Which opened in Cleveland in the fall of 1995. Both Little Richard and Yoko Ono
3
were on hand to help cut the opening ribbon a high-school band playing “Respect” and a 16-foot Elvis
4
puppet were part of the celebratory parade. Neither parents nor reviewers from the 1950s could have
dreamed that some day public and private contributors would donate nearly $100 million to make sure
5
rock ‘n’ roll got its place in history.
1. A. NO CHANGE
B. 1951, however; the
C. 1951; however, the
D. 1951; However, the
2. A. NO CHANGE
B. Berry, Little
C. Berry, and Little
D. Berry. Little
3. A. NO CHANGE
B. Museum which
C. Museum; which
D. Museum, which
4. A. NO CHANGE
B. ribbon, a
C. ribbon. A
D. ribbon; A
5. A. NO CHANGE
B. million. To
C. million, to
D. million; to
36
Passage 2
How many ways are there to cross Niagara Falls on a tightrope? In the mid-nineteenth century, a
performer named Blondin walked across Niagara Falls on a three-inch tightrope: sat down in the middle,
1
fried himself an egg on a stove he brought with him, lay down on the rope, and pretended to nap. On one
occasion, Blondin asked for a volunteer. Whom he would carry piggyback across the falls. The only one
2
to say yes was his manager, who shook so violently that Blondin almost lost his balance. One of his
3
craziest stunts; however, was stationing a man below the falls and having him shoot holes through a hat
4
that Blondin held as he balanced on the rope. I don’t think that Blondin was a smart man do you?
5
1. A. NO CHANGE
B. tightrope. Sat
C. tightrope; sat
D. tightrope, sat
2. A. NO CHANGE
B. volunteer, whom
C. volunteer; whom
D. volunteer whom
3. A. NO CHANGE
B. manager. Who
C. manager; who
D. manager who
4. A. NO CHANGE
B. stunts. However,
C. stunts, however,
D. stunts however
5. A. NO CHANGE
B. man. Do
C. man, do
D. man; Do
37
Unit 3



Commas
Semi-Colons
Colons
38
ENGLISH 10
UNIT III
LESSON ONE: THE COMMA
The following are the six most common rules governing the use of the comma.
Rule One: Use commas to separate three or more items in a series (words, phrases, or clauses).
EXAMPLES: a. My little brother want to play football, baseball,* and hockey. (words)
b. He swims, reads, and hikes in his leisure time. (words)
c. We cannot complete this project in an hour, in a day, or even in a
in a week. (phrase)
d. We finally concluded that the letter had been burned, that someone
had taken it, or that it had never been written. (clauses)
* = Although it is optional, it is safest to always include a comma before the conjunction.
NOTE: Do not use commas to separate adjectives that cannot be reversed.
EXAMPLES: a. We entered a forest of tall, slender, straight pines.
b. We entered a forest of straight, slender, tall pines.
***but***
c. Marty wore a dark blue tweed suit to the party.
(a tweed blue dark suit does not work here)
Rule Two: Use commas to separate the items in a date or address.
EXAMPLES: a. The company moved to 120 Turner Avenue, Macon, Georgia, late
last year.
b. The historic meeting took place at 10 a.m. on Tuesday, July 2, 1990, in
the Blackstone Hotel.
***but***
c. I will graduate in May 2002. (no comma when day is not indicated)
d. Your essay is due on 14 August 2000. (European dating system uses
no commas)
Rule Three: Use a comma before the coordinating conjunction that joins two
complete sentences (and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet)
EXAMPLES: a. The final session came to a close, and the legislators left for home.
b. The accident occurred in a busy intersection, but no one was hurt.
39
Rule Four: Use a comma after introductory words, phrases, and clauses.
EXAMPLES: a. Yes, I will leave earlier. (word)
b. Well, what shall I do now? (word)
c. Relieved, we began to talk of more pleasant things. (verbal)
d. In the early morning light, the beach looks magical. (prepositional phrase)
e. Leaning over the desk, I grabbed the books and papers. (verbal phrase)
f. To make matters worse, he was unable to walk for days. (verbal phrase)
g. Before data processing came into use, checks were sorted by hand. (clause)
h. If we advertise our products on the Internet, the right buyers will come
along. (clause)
NOTE: Verbal words or phrases used as subjects are not followed by commas.
EXAMPLES: a. Running is not my favorite pastime.
b. Worrying about grades will not help matters.
c. To satisfy my employer is not easy.
Rule Five: Use commas to set off words, phrases, or clauses that interrupt the flow of
the sentence.
1) expressions used in direct address
EXAMPLES: a. Mr. Ford, we will send you a copy later.
b. Has it occurred to you, my friend, that some people may disapprove?
c. I am certain you will like it here, Mary.
2) appositives
EXAMPLES: a. Tom Walker, the leader of the expedition, died in the third month of
the voyage.
b. A great athlete, Tony received several offers to play in college.
3) parenthetical expressions (interruptors)
EXAMPLES: a. I believe, however, that Sam scored better on the exam.
b. It was, in my opinion, a great example of Romantic literature.
Rule Six: Use commas to set off nonrestrictive (nonessential) phrases and clauses.
EXAMPLES: a. The girl leaning against the door is my best friend. (essential or
restrictive)
b. My best friend, leaning against the door over there, will probably
spend the week with me. (nonessential or nonrestrictive)
c. All the kids who play instruments will be asked to join the band.
(essential or restrictive)
d. Marty and Ben, who play instruments, have recently joined the band.
(nonessential or nonrestrictive)
40
Name: __________________________________
EXERCISE 1:
Find the comma errors in the following sentences; for each, indicate the number of the rule that
applies, and then correct the errors by adding commas. Any sentence will have only one type of
error. There are no correct sentences.
_____ 1. Frank planned to cheat on his exam but he forgot to make cheat notes.
_____ 2. My father on the other hand is better at golfing than I am.
_____ 3. The writer gave us several good points and he left us to continue.
_____ 4. Hey will you get out of my closet!
_____ 5. I think that his books are complex controversial and interesting.
_____ 6. My ordeal actually began on Monday April 17 1989 when I turned 19.
_____ 7. After we have gathered all our materials we intend to begin planning our project.
_____ 8. I really have to hurry now or I will be late for class.
_____ 9. The computer game which is too expensive is the one he wants for Christmas.
_____10. My Aunt Phyllis the queen of polyester will never be a fashionable dresser.
_____11. The Martins will be moving to 437 Linton Road Norton Shores Michigan.
_____12. If you agree to help us I will be eternally grateful.
_____13. I think Ben that you should probably try a little harder next time.
_____14. The members, who all have perfect attendance, should meet at noon tomorrow.
_____15. I am convinced that you were not lost that you were not late and that you were not
deliberately forgetful.
Exercise 2: Write the following sentences using commas correctly.
1. Write a sentence with a series telling me about your three favorite foods.
2. Write a sentence that includes your birthdate.
3. Write a sentence about your parents using a conjunction to join two sentences.
4. Write a sentence about computers that uses an introductory word, phrase or clause.
5. Write a question with an appositive about your favorite musician or musical group.
41
ENGLISH 10
UNIT III
LESSON TWO: SEMI-COLONS (;) AND COLONS (:)
A semi-colon is always used as a separator, generally separating items of equal value; the
semi-colon, in fact, is sometimes called a “weak period.” The colon is used to direct the
reader’s attention to what follows – it is like an arrow pointing to what follows.
RULES FOR THE USE OF SEMI-COLONS
Rule One: Use a semi-colon to separate closely related main clauses of a compound
sentence if a coordinating conjunction does not connect them.
EXAMPLES: a. Cambridge is simply near Boston; it is not a part of that city.
b. The brochures have already been printed; they have not yet been
distributed.
NOTE: Although periods can also be used in the above sentences, semi-colons
are preferred when the sentences are closely related.
Rule Two: Use a semi-colon before the conjunctive adverb or transitional phrase that join two
main clauses.
Conjunctive Adverbs
accordingly
also
anyway
besides
certainly
consequently
Transitional Phrases
after all
as a matter of fact
as a result
at any rate
conversely
finally
furthermore
hence
however
incidentally
at the same time
even so
for example
for instance
indeed
instead
likewise
meanwhile
moreover
nevertheless
next
nonetheless
otherwise
similarly
specifically
still
in addition
in conclusion
in fact
in other words
subsequently
then
therefore
thus
in the first place
on the contrary
on the other hand
EXAMPLES: a. The meeting has been in progress for two hours; however, important
issues have yet to be introduced.
b. Most singers gain fame through hard work; this woman, however,
has found other means.
c. He tried to make amends; that is, he offered me the use of his car.
d. The firm needs new leadership, that is, a more knowledgeable boss.
NOTE: A comma generally follows a conjunctive adverb or transitional phrase that connects
two main clauses.
42
Rule Three: Use a semi-colon to separate items in a series when the items themselves contain
commas.
EXAMPLE:
We were visited by people from LaGrange, a suburb of Chicago; Troy, a small
college town in Georgia; and Austin, the capital of Texas.
Rule Four: Use semi-colons instead of commas between two sentences joined by a coordinating
conjunction IF there are commas within one of those clauses, or if there is one comma in both of
the clauses.
EXAMPLE: a. His determination, his courage, and his sincerity could not be be denied; but
his methods, as you know, were often questioned by the voters.
NOTE: Although commas would not be incorrect in these cases, the semi-colons
make the clear distinction between the main clauses.
RULES FOR THE USE OF COLONS
Rule One: Use a colon to introduce a list following a main clause.
EXAMPLES: a. For our camping trip, we need to rent the big items: tents,
backpacks, and sleeping bags.
b. For our camping trip, we need to rent tents, backpacks, and
sleeping bags. (list does not follow a complete sentence)
Rule Two: Use a colon to introduce either a short quotation or a longer,
indented quotation IF it follows a complete sentence.
EXAMPLE:
a. This is what the consultant actually said: “People in other
parts of the world will not like this ad.”
Rule Three: Use a colon in these special cases:
1) after the salutation of a formal or business letter
EXAMPLE: Dear Professor Richards:
2) between a title and a subtitle
EXAMPLE: She didn't want to read The Right Moves: Succeeding in a
Man's World without a Harvard MBA.
3) in time references
EXAMPLE: I'll meet you at 7:45 tonight.
4) in scriptural references
EXAMPLE: We'll be studying John 2:7.
5) in proportions
EXAMPLE: Mix the gasoline and oil at a 3:1 ratio.
43
Name: _____________________________________
SEMI-COLON/COLON EXERCISE
Exercise 1: Insert semi-colons and colons where appropriate in the following sentences; indicate
the rule that applies in each case. Label with SC for semi-colon or C for colon.
_____ 1. A daily routine should include at least the following 20 knee bends, 50 sit-ups, 15 leg lifts,
and 5 minutes of running in place.
_____ 2. Most American hospitals offer only Western methods of treatment hospitals in China
provide both Western and Eastern medicine.
_____ 3. I learned all the rules and regulations, however, I never really learned to control the ball.
_____ 4. Classic science fiction sagas are Star Trek, with Mr. Spock, Battlestar Galactica, with its
Cylon Raiders, and Star Wars, with Han Solo and Darth Vader.
_____ 5. Consider the words of John F. Kennedy, "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask
what you can do for your country."
_____ 6. Our meeting must begin at exactly 8 30 p.m., or we will never finish on time.
_____ 7. In my Classics class this year, we were asked to read The Glory of Hera Greek
Mythology and the Greek Family.
_____ 8. We love to watch the old Western movies, after all, they express core American ideals.
_____ 9. On Monday morning we faced several serious problems, for example, we could not use the
word processor because of a power shortage.
_____ 10. We were led to believe that Mr. Renko and the others would act favorably upon our
application, that Mr. Posten, our chief engineer, would receive full credit for his
invention, and that our company would soon begin moving into the next century with its
innovative products.
_____11. I have one serious objection to your project, it may prove to be too expensive.
_____12. Ms. Ortez used these exact words, "Don't argue the facts."
_____13. Our equipment will include the following a tractor, a large crane, and a ditch digger.
_____14. My Humanities professor asked us to read Genesis 2 8 for tomorrow.
_____15. Mr. Warwick commented on these three items, a net profit of one million, annual earnings
of $1.70 a share, and a book value of $11.15 a share.
_____16. He gave me a list that included raisins, bananas, walnuts, and sugar, but he failed to
include on the list such items as flour and butter.
44
Name: _____________________________________
Exercise 2: Write the following sentences, using colons and semi-colons where appropriate.
Write a sentence about grammar using a semi-colon (no conjunctive adverb or transitional phrase)
between two closely related sentences.
Write a sentence about high school using the conjunctive adverb “however.”
Write a sentence that contains a series about three cities and their states that you would like to visit most.
You must use a semi-colon.
Write a sentence listing your three favorite TV shows. You must use a colon.
Write a sentence that includes your favorite quote. You must use a colon.
45
Name: ______________________________________
UNIT III
PUNCTUATION REVIEW:
In the following sentences, insert, delete, or change the punctuation to make the sentence correct.
Choose from the following kinds of punctuation:
comma(s)
semi-colons
colons
1. Miguel wants to visit Los Angeles this summer, therefore, he is working after school to save
money for the trip.
2. Mel Bolchuck and Henry Kosner my two closest associates have both decided to purchase
computers from Radio Shack.
3. Senator Shane is I believe the best man for the job.
4. As long as you never repeat what I tell you I won't be afraid to share secrets with you.
5. Charles Richard Drew was born on June 3 1904.
6. She kept all the books, that she had borrowed from the library, in one place.
7. Carrie wrote a short story, and sent it to a publisher in New York.
8. Her mother did not allow her to do any of the following things, play outside, come home late, or
spend much time with friends.
9. Anita's brother had left for college, she was alone with her mother now.
10. Yesterday, Anita felt trapped, angry, and alone, now, she feels free, calm, and hopeful.
11. Before making a hiring decision, the personnel director considered the following, work
experience, education, and personality.
12. The first rehearsal had been scheduled for yesterday afternoon but we found out the auditorium
was not available.
13. I visited colleges in East Lansing, Michigan, Champaign, Illinois, and Columbus, Ohio.
14. I remember this quote from my fourth-grade teacher “If you want to be the best, you have to do
your best.
15. The meeting will begin at 6 30 p.m., and you should be there on time.
46
Name: ___________________________________
UNITS II AND III
MASTERY TEST REVIEW
FRAGMENTS
PART 1. Decide whether the following are fragments or correct sentences. If it is a fragment, put
FRAG on the line and correct it. Be careful to punctuate correctly. If it is correct, put a C on the
line.
_____ 1. Having planned for years to become a lawyer. She had good reason for coming to college.
_____ 2. Walking through the halls were three students. They were late for first hour.
_____ 3. The meeting was to have been conducted in an orderly fashion, but it was impossible.
With demonstrators seizing the microphones and banging the gavel.
_____ 4. I finally received permission from my parents. To spend the summer in Mexico.
_____ 5. I enjoy all kinds of music. Especially classic rock and roll.
COMMA SPLICES
PART 2. Decide whether the following are comma splices or correct sentences. If it is a comma
splice, put CS on the line and correct it. Be careful to punctuate correctly. If it is correct, put a C
on the line.
_____ 1. During September, the rain fell unceasingly.
_____ 2. I was surprised at the commotion in the newspaper office, reporters were in a rush.
_____ 3. The train stopped at the viaduct, however, none of the passengers could figure out why.
_____ 4. From the high board, the water looked amazingly far away, besides, I was getting cold.
_____ 5. Walking through the halls of the school, three students were tardy for first hour.
RUN-ON SENTENCES
PART 3. Decide whether the following are run-on sentences or correct sentences. If it is a run-on
sentence, put RS on the line and correct it. Be careful to punctuate correctly. If it is correct, put a
C on the line.
_____ 1. Mow the lawn without touching the flowers when that is finished, trim the hedges.
_____ 2. The person I met was an agent for actors it was obvious he had much to share with us.
_____ 3. I like running in the morning because the weather is much cooler.
_____ 4. Learning grammar can be fun math can be fun too.
_____ 5. I walked directly to first hour then I had to go to the principal’s office.
47
PUNCTUATION
PART 4. Decide whether the following have punctuation mistakes (commas, colons, semi-colons)
or are correct sentences. If it has a punctuation mistake, put P on the line and correct it. Be
careful to punctuate correctly. If it is correct, put a C on the line.
_____ 1. The committee invited speeches from Maya Angelou, a poet, Amy Tan, a novelist, and
Neil Simon, a playwright.
_____ 2. Salt which is plentiful in this country is still inexpensive.
_____ 3. All applicants must furnish the following items of information date of birth, grade in
school, and the names of two references.
_____ 4. The horn made a shrill prolonged weird sound.
_____ 5. When the most difficult part of the hike was behind him the traveler felt more confident.
FRAGMENTS, COMMA SPLICES, RUN-ON SENTENCES & PUNCTUATION
PART 5. Using the chart below, identify the errors in the following sentences. Correct the errors
using periods, commas, semi-colons, or colons. None are correct.
FRAG = sentence fragment
RS
= run-on sentence
CS
= comma splice
P
= commas, colons, semi-colons
_____ 1. To verify a hypothesis a scientist performs an experiment.
_____ 2. I don't think however that my plans are going to materialize.
_____ 3. A good actor rehearses well enunciates clearly and practices timing.
_____ 4. This painting which is expensive is of my grandmother's house.
_____ 5. Bob Stearns said he made John Brown's in 1857 then he added that they became best friends.
_____ 6. I noticed the van driving extremely fast, it missed the corner and hit the tree.
_____ 7. When you think about it. Homework is more likely to be assigned in academic classes.
_____ 8. The crowd that attended the local track meet was the usual one. Parents, friends of
athletes, and people looking for a good tan.
_____ 9. My interview was conducted by John Smithson, the company’s president, Alex Lafferty,
the company’s vice-president, and Suzanne Cook, the company’s marketing director.
_____ 10. The minutes to the meeting need several additions, however, they are minor changes.
48
FRAGMENTS, COMMA SPLICES, RUN-ON SENTENCES & PUNCTUATION
PART 6. In each passage, certain words have been underlined and numbered. The questions
consist of alternatives for these underlined segments. Circle the alternative that will fix the
fragment, comma splice, run-on sentence or punctuation. Circle “No Change” if no change is
necessary.
Passage 1
The Romans built many outdoor arenas for recreational events, including the famous Colosseum in
1
Rome. Which is located in Italy. The tall, four-story oval structure could seat 50,000 spectators on its
2
benches. For more than 300 years people cheered as gladiators fought bloody man-to-man or man3
against-animal battles to the death. The Colosseum could also be partially filled with water for mock sea
battles each ship’s crew attempted to sink their competitors as the crowd went wild. The Colosseum’s
4
chariot races were also popular. Today inhabited only by stray cats, the Colosseum stands as a silent
5
reminder of the noisy, violent contests that thrilled ancient Rome.
1. A. NO CHANGE
B. events. Including
C. events including
D. events; including
2. A. NO CHANGE
B. Rome which
C. Rome: which
D. Rome, which
3. A. NO CHANGE
B. years. People
C. years, people
D. years; people
4. A. NO CHANGE
B. battles. Each
C. battles, each
D. battles: each
5. A. NO CHANGE
B. Today. Inhabited
C. Today, inhabited
D. Today: inhabited
49
Passage 2
In 1835, Hetty Green inherited her family’s fortune. From the shipping and whaling industries. Hetty
1
was a shrewd businessperson, but she was also tightwad. She showed this characteristic by many
different examples; by wearing raggedy clothes and by living in a broken down home in Hoboken, New
2
Jersey. When her son’s knee became infected she took him to the hospital as a charity patient. When the
3
hospital personnel found out who she was, they demanded payment. Rather than pay like she should
have, Hetty withheld further medical treatment from her son and several years later he had to have his
4
leg amputated. At her death, Hetty Green’s estate was valued at $100 million, Hetty was a person who
5
did not treat people nicely.
1. A. NO CHANGE
B. fortune, from
C. fortune from
D. fortune; from
2. A. NO CHANGE
B. examples by
C. examples, by
D. examples: by
3. A. NO CHANGE
B. infected, she
C. infected; she
D. infected. She
4. A. NO CHANGE
B. son; and
C. son, and
D. son. And
5. A. NO CHANGE
B. million Hetty
C. million. Hetty
D. million: Hetty
50
Unit 4

Word Choice
51
WORD CHOICE RULES
WORD
FUNCTION
DEFINITION
EXAMPLE
1. ACCEPT, EXCEPT
accept
verb
except
preposition
to receive
other than or leaving out
We refused to accept the shipment.
Everyone except me was there.
2. ADAPT, ADOPT
adapt
verb
adopt
verb
to change to be made more suitable
to take something and make it one's own
We can adapt this to our own use.
We may adopt a new policy.
3. ADVICE, ADVISE
advice
noun
advise
verb
opinion
recommend
I always take his advice to heart.
I advise you to arrive early.
4. AFFECT, EFFECT
affect
verb
effect
noun
verb
to influence
the result
to bring about
His performance affected me.
That drug has dangerous effects.
The teacher effected certain changes.
5. ALLUSION, ILLUSION
allusion
noun
indirect reference
illusion
noun
false image
We often find allusions to the Bible in our literature.
Under duress, people often suffer illusions.
6. ALREADY, ALL READY
already
adverb
previously
all ready
adjective
all are ready
I've already finished the homework.
Are they all ready* to begin the music?
*substitute ready to see of all ready fits
7. AMOUNT, NUMBER
amount
noun
number
noun
singular
plural
He ordered a large amount of sand.
He ordered a large number of books.
8. BESIDE, BESIDES
beside
preposition
besides
preposition
by the side of
except or in addition to
She sat beside the bed for hours.
He gets money besides praise.
9. BETWEEN, AMONG
between
preposition
among
preposition
used with two things
used with three or more things
Park between these two posts.
You are among friends here.
10. BRING, TAKE
bring
verb
take
verb
to convey something to the person speaking
to convey something away from the speaker.
Bring me that notebook.
Take this to your locker.
52
WORD
FUNCTION
11. COARSE, COURSE
coarse
adjective
course
noun
DEFINITION
rough
program of study
EXAMPLE
The rope feels coarse.
What course are you taking this term?
12. COMPLEMENT, COMPLIMENT
complement noun
something that completes
A direct object is a sentence complement.
verb
to make whole or bring to perfection
That color complements your eyes.
compliment noun
expression of praise
Her hair receives many compliments.
13. COUNCIL, COUNSEL
council
noun
assembly of people
counsel
noun
advice
verb
advise
The council meeting is today.
He gives me legal counsel.
I will counsel you.
14. DESERT, DESSERT
desert
noun
verb
dessert
noun
Don't ever get lost in a desert.
Please don't desert me in my time of need.
I ordered pie for dessert.
a dry region
to leave
part of a meal
15. DISCOVER, INVENT
discover
verb to be the first to find, see, realize
The Americas were discovered by several explorers.
invent
verb to devise or think up for the first time.
Who invented the telescope?
16. FARTHER, FURTHER
farther
adverb
physical distance
further
adverb
abstract distance
How much farther is camp?
He is further along in his writing than I.
17. FEWER, LESS
fewer
adjective
less
adjective
I have fewer grades than you or Marty.
I have less money than you.
18. GOOD, WELL
good
adjective
well
adjective
well
adverb
plural
singular
modifies a noun or pronoun
healthy
well-dressed
satisfactory
modifies a verb or other adverb
That meat tastes good.
I didn't feel well.
He looked well in his uniform.
All is well.
He drives well.
19. IMPLY, INFER
imply
verb
suggest (speaker or writer) The lawyer implied that her client had been treated badly.
infer
verb
conclude (listener or reader) I inferred from your argument that you intend to win.
20. LIE, LAY
lie
verb
lay
verb
to rest or recline- no object
lie, lying, lay, (have) lain
to put or place something takes an object
lay, laying, laid, (have) laid
He lies around all day.
Yesterday, he lay down to nap.
Lay your packages here.
I think you laid the book down.
53
21. LOOSE, LOSE
loose
adjective
lose
verb
free
to mislay
The bindings came loose.
I lose the page numbers often.
22. PERSECUTE, PROSECUTE
persecute
verb
to attack or annoy
prosecute
verb
to bring legal action against
Minorities are often persecuted.
The law prosecutes all crimes.
23. PRINCIPAL, PRINCIPLE
principal
noun
chief official or first in rank
principle
noun
a fundamental truth or rule
Mrs. Bustard is our principal.
She has fine principles.
24. RAISE, RISE
raise
verb
Raise your hand for questions.
rise
verb
to move something upward
raise, raising, raised, (have) raised
to go upward – no object
rise, rising, rose, (have) risen
Prices rise every few months.
25. RESPECTFULLY, RESPECTIVELY
respectfully adverb in a manner that shows respect
She behaved respectfully toward her cousins.
respectively adverb each in the order given
Bob, Penny, and Sue are a dog, cat, and a pig, respectively.
26. SIT, SET
sit
verb
set
verb
to rest in a seated position; no object
sit, sitting, sat, (have) sat
to put or place something
set, setting, set, (have) set
The book sits on the desk.
Set your books over there.
27. SITE, CITE, SIGHT
site
noun
cite
verb
sight
verb/noun
a location
He chose a wonderful site for his new house.
to refer to
He cited several sources in his research project.
ability to see or something that is seen
He lost his sight when he was five.
28. THAN, THEN
than
conjunction
then
adverb
used in comparison
at that time; when
She is younger than I.
I will leave early, then wash the car.
29. THEIR, THERE, THEY'RE
their
pronoun
possessive of they
there
adverb
at or in that place
they're
pronoun+verb contraction of they are
We slept at their house.
Put the book over there.
They're arriving at noon.
30. TO, TOO, TWO
to
preposition
too
adverb
two
adjective
I took her to the store.
I like him almost too much.
Give me two slices, please.
toward
very, also
number
54
31. WEATHER, WHETHER
weather
noun
general condition of temperature, etc.
weather
verb
to get through safely
whether
conjunction
if it be the case that; either
32. YOUR, YOU’RE
your
adjective
possessive of you
You’re
pronoun+verb contraction of you are
Check the weather before you dress.
We will weather any storm together.
He asked whether we were going.
Your grade will suffer if you don’t learn grammar.
You’re my best friend.
55
Name: __________________________________________
WORD CHOICE
EXERCISE: Cross out the incorrect word choice and then Correct the error by writing the correct
choice above in the following sentences. If the sentence contains no errors, place a "C" in the margin.
1. I am sure that after that large meal he doesn't feel good.
2. When I am feeling lazy, I tend to lay around all day.
3. I have had to ask you to be quiet to many times today.
4. How much farther do we have to go to reach your cabin?
5. Most adopted children adapt very well to there new families.
6. Have your parents told you where their going for their vacation?
7. One of my students just recently invented a new motor for the machine.
8. I really wish you would be late less times in the future.
9. When I got home from work, I laid down for an hour before dinner.
10. When I walked onto the stage in front of all the students, my skirt button came lose.
11. I sometimes wonder if that group operates with any principals at all.
12. The cream always raises to the top.
13. I believe that his second book was better then his first.
14. Don't get caught setting around while you should be working.
15. Mr. Trujillo used to be our principle.
16. Do you intend to explore any further the possibility of going to Europe next term?
17. Less people travel in the winter months than in the summer months.
18. I want too go to the store in two days.
19. She said she would like to go to the store to.
20. There is no way I am going to let her advice me about the decision.
21. No matter what else happens, please know that I will never dessert you.
22. The boys were already full, so I didn't offer them dessert.
56
23. He received no applause at all probably because of his course remarks.
24. Because the invitation was so late, we refused to accept it.
25. I find that exchange students adopt very well to American customs.
26. No one in the group beside Lonnie has studied for the test.
27. He always spends a great amount of time studying for his exams.
28. The morning train to Boston has all ready left.
29. Mr. Landman is very good at giving unwanted advise to students.
30. Now that I am older, I have few allusions about life any more.
31. I had trouble sleeping last night because the pillow was lumpy and the blanket was course.
32. If you want fair treatment in the local courts, I recommend you find good council.
33. I am excited about the essay that your working on.
34. When you run out to your car, will you please bring my books with you?
35. I just now discovered that you recently invented a new type of can opener.
36. It has always been my dream to adapt several children from around the world.
37. Whenever I come to your house, I always bring my newest CD's.
38. My favorite desert of all time is pumpkin pie.
39. When I was ill, my mother spent 24 hours beside my bed.
40. The new law will go into effect on Oct. 30.
41. The men seemed to work much harder when the boss was at the cite.
42. Do you think you are doing good on this exercise?
43. The speaker inferred in his speech that we should exercise regularly.
44. We will study sentence compliments this week.
45. What affect will the new law have on us?
46. Bob implied from the article that all vitamins are dangerous.
47. Throughout history, Jews have been cruelly persecuted.
57
48. Let's keep this information among the two of us for a while.
49. The district attorney prosecuted three gamblers last year.
50. In my speech before the defense council, I sited an expert on weapons' deployment.
51. I think that with good manners, we can whether any problems that come up.
52. Mirrors give the small room the allusion of depth.
53. The prize was divided between several contestants.
54. He sited the zoning laws in his argument against the new site for the building.
55. Because they were much older than she, Mary treated them respectively.
56. Our family adopted a Vietnamese orphan, who quickly adapted to his new life.
57. Last night, we drafted the counsel's position paper.
58. I just found out that there dachshund is very sick.
59. I believe that calculus is more complicated then algebra.
60. His principles have never been questioned by his employer or friends.
61. My fourth-hour class never treated me very respectively.
62. At the formal dance last night, she wore a lose and flowing gown.
63. The audience inferred from his behavior that Mr. Dixon was hiding something.
64. The reception will be held outdoors weather it rains or not.
65. Less people attended the seminar today than yesterday.
66. The second speaker went farther into the issues than the first.
67. What are the whether conditions today?
68. Because he was feeling lazy, he laid on the couch all day.
69. There was less rain in Washington this year.
70. Her delicate jewelry was an ideal compliment to her simple and tasteful gown.
71. Bring this coupon to the store when you go for groceries.
72. There is a large amount of turtles in his pond.
58
Name: ____________________________________
ENGLISH 10
UNITS II, III & IV
MASTERY TEST REVIEW
FRAGMENTS
PART 1. Decide whether the following are fragments or correct sentences. If it is a fragment, put FRAG
on the line and correct it. Be careful to punctuate correctly. If it is correct, put a C on the line.
_____ 1. The tour leader had to ask for help. To fix the flat tire properly.
_____ 2. When we searched for silverware in her drawers. We could only find five knives.
_____ 3. Before playing several popular songs. We spent some time tuning our instruments carefully.
_____ 4. He was recruited to play football at three universities. Clemson, Oklahoma, and Columbia.
_____ 5. Hastily retrieving the wild serve. The ball boy tripped near the net.
COMMA SPLICES
PART 2. Decide whether the following are comma splices or correct sentences. If it is a comma splice, put
CS on the line and correct it. Be careful to punctuate correctly. If it is correct, put a C on the line.
_____ 1. Mary Greenfield, who lived in Muncie, saved money her whole life by eating cold cereal, and
after her death, her estate was worth several million dollars.
_____ 2. I ate a delicious Thanksgiving dinner, I managed to eat one-fourth of the pie all by myself.
_____ 3. The beaches were open, few people dared to go in the water that day.
_____ 4. Billy was too afraid to face his accuser, he could only moan to himself.
_____ 5. I did not wish to intrude, however, I needed to see you immediately.
RUN-ON SENTENCES
PART 3. Decide whether the following are run-on sentences or correct sentences. If it is a run-on
sentence, put RS on the line and correct it. Be careful to punctuate correctly. If it is correct, put a C on
the line.
_____ 1. We conducted extensive research on campus then we published our findings.
_____ 2. Most people think he is a bit weird I, however, think he is a nice guy.
_____ 3. The teacher was referring to the chapter we read last week it was a chapter I forgot to read.
_____ 4. Some students skipped the film they will have to repeat the course.
_____ 5. She drove for several hours she stopped at a deserted motel.
59
PUNCTUATION
PART 4. Decide whether the following have punctuation mistakes (commas, colons, semi-colons) or are
correct sentences. If it has a punctuation mistake, put P on the line and correct it. Be careful to punctuate
correctly. If it is correct, put a C on the line.
_____ 1. Alfred Hitchcock who was a genius with trick shots in his movies terrified his audiences.
_____ 2. While looking around the room she thought of her missing friends.
_____ 3. The coach was especially anxious about the following events, the javelin throw, the hammer
throw, and the marathon.
_____ 4. He concluded his speech with the following confusing line, "The longest known palindromic
word in English is redivider.”
_____ 5. The dignitaries visited the following universities: Harvard, the oldest surviving American
university, Brown, a school that was once called Rhode Island College, and Yale, an
institution that once proposed a merger with Vassar College.
WORD CHOICE
PART 5. Decide whether the following have word choice mistakes or are correct sentences. If it has a
word choice mistake, put WC on the line and correct it. If it is correct, put a C on the line.
_____ 1. Will you please bring these reports down to the office?
_____ 2. The team has less members this year than last.
_____ 3. During the most crucial moment of the race, my shoe laces came lose.
_____ 4. On this assignment, you will not be allowed to lay around all day.
_____ 5. In the case of this paper, there is nothing farther to be done.
FRAGMENTS, COMMA SPLICES, RUN-ON SENTENCES, PUNCTUATION & WORD CHOICE
Part 6. Using the chart below, identify the errors in the following sentences. Correct the errors using
periods, commas, semi-colons, colons, or word choice. None are correct.
FRAG = sentence fragment
RS
= run-on sentence
CS
= comma splice
P
= commas, colons, semi-colons
WC = word choice
_____ 1. Sociologists believe that we have too few heroes to look up to my hero is my father because I
believe he is someone who has lived his life the right way.
_____ 2. I don't recommend that you arrive to early for the concert.
60
_____ 3. Few people spend their leisure time listening to their radios, most people now watch TV.
_____ 4. She lives in Apartment 25 at 222 Smith Road Muskegon Michigan.
_____ 5. You will have a difficult time doing that lesson. Because you forgot to read the chapters.
_____ 6. When I begin drinking coffee. I have a tendency to drink several cupfuls.
_____ 7. Don’t you think she does good on everything she tries?
_____ 8. Everyone seems to believe that the new principle of the building is going to be a good one.
_____ 9. Many people walked the entire bridge this morning. Although the weather was poor.
_____ 10. We should know that no other person can guarantee our happiness, however, if you live your
life the right way, you will have a chance at a happy life.
_____ 11. The school newspaper has won the Spartan Award for the past nine years. As one of the top
newspapers in the state.
_____ 12. Make sure you understand grammar you will be doing lessons for the next two years.
_____ 13. I learned a lesson yesterday. I need to except people regardless of their differences from me.
_____ 14. I enjoy three types of ice cream chocolate chip, butter pecan and Mackinaw Island fudge.
_____ 15. My best friend’s grandmother died yesterday, the funeral will be on Saturday.
_____ 16. After school on Tuesdays, I have to go to Jeff’s house we study our algebra on that day.
_____ 17. The Bible is a book that I enjoy reading. Before I go to sleep.
_____ 18. Everyone seems to believe that there children are the best.
_____ 19. After the storm had passed the children went outside to play on the swings.
_____ 20. My advise to you is to do well on this test.
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Help for Final Exam
Fragments: period (.) misplaced anywhere in a sentence
How to fix
Use a comma after an introductory word, clause or phrase
Use a comma before the word “especially,” “such as,” or “including”
Use a comma before an appositive
Use a colon before a list (if sentence is complete before the list)
Remove period if clause, phrase or word is at end of sentence
Comma splices: comma misplaced between 2 sentences
How to fix
Use a period
Run-on sentences: no punctuation between 2 sentences
How to fix
Use a period
Note: if the problem is not a fragment, comma splice or run-on, then it is a punctuation problem or correct
Punctuation:
Commas: use to separate items in a series
use in dates & addresses
use before a conjunction (and, or, for, but, nor, so, yet) to join 2 sentences
use after introductory words, phrases and clauses
use around interrupters
use to set of non-essential phrases and clauses
Colons: use before a list (if complete sentence before the list)
use before a quote (if complete sentence before the quote)
special cases
Semi-colons: use only in a list when the list already contains commas
use before a conjunctive adverb or transitional phrase
use to separate closely related sentences
Word Choice:
Use your word choice list
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