Download Semester 1 English Finals Review Sheet

Semester 1 English Finals Review Sheet
Vocabulary
(bolded words are Words to Own)
Three Skeleton Key
 phosphorescent: glowing
 tapering cylinder: tube shape that gradually narrows toward one end, in this case toward
the top
 Breton: person from Brittany, a region of northern France
 Basque: people living in the Pyrenees a mountain range in France and Spain
 Flying Dutchman: fabled Dutch ghost ship chose captain is said to be condemned to sail
the seas until Judgment Day. Seeing the Flying Dutchman is supposed to bring bad luck
 derelict: here, abandoned ship
 yards: in nautical terms, rods fastened across the masts to suppose the nails
 glasses: here, binoculars
 poop: in nautical terms, the stern (back) deck of a ship
 smack: here, small sailboat
 hordes: large, moving crows
 suffice: be enough
 embrasures: slanted openings
 receding: moving back
 edible: fit to be eaten
 derisive: scornful and ridiculing
 reconnaissance: exploratory survey or examination
 flotilla: small fleet of boats
Song of the Trees
 clabber milk: thickly curdled sour milk
 President Roosevelt: Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) president of the United
States form the 1953 to 1954
 finicky: fussy and extremely careful
 dispute: argument
 ambled: walked easily, without hurrying
 delved: searched
 curtly: rudely and with few words
 skirting: narrowly avoiding
 elude: escape by quickness or cleverness
 incredulously: unbelievingly
 ashen: pale
 sentries: guards
A Mason-Dixon Memory
 emcee: master of ceremonies
 civic: of a city or citizenship
 predominantly: mainly
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en route: on the way
resolve: decide; make a formal statement
ominous: threatening; like a bad sign; warning of something bad
erupted: exploded or burst forth
Bargain
 buckboard: open carriage
 freighter: here, person who transports goods
 ornerier: dialect for “meaner and more stubborn”
 rigs: carriages with their horses
 strings: here, a group of horses
 buttes: steep, flat-topped hills that stand alone on a plain
 up in the collar: pulling as hard as the other horses
 hipshot: with one hip lower than the other
 palavered: talked; met to discuss
 greasewood from alkali: Greasewood is a thorny desert plant. Alkali is dry, salty oil that
might looks white and chalky, like Slade’s face
Grammar
Chapter 13: Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections
Prepositions
 a preposition is a word that relates a noun or a pronoun to some other word in a sentence
 a prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a
noun or pronoun, which is called the object of preposition
 when a pronoun is the object of preposition, remember to use an object pronoun and not a
subject pronoun
 sometimes a preposition will have a compound object consisting of a noun and pronoun,
remember to use an object pronoun in a compound object
 the subject pronoun who is never the object of a prepositions; only the object pronoun
whom can be an object
 a prepositional phrase can function as an adjective, modifying or describing a noun or a
pronoun
 a prepositional phrase can also function as an adverb, modifying or describing verb, an
adjective, or another adverb
Conjunctions
 a coordinating conjunction is a single word used to connect parts of a sentence, such as
words or phrases. And, but, or, so, yet, for, and nor are used as coordinating conjunctions
(ABORSYFORNOR!
A is for and
B is for but
OR is just for or
S is for so
Y is for yet
FORNOR is just for, nor.)

correlative conjunctions are pairs of words used to connect words or phrases in a
sentence; correlative conjunctions include both…and, either…or, neither…nor, and not
only…but also
 when a compound subject is joined by and, it is a plural subject; the word must agree
with the plural subject
 when a compound subject is joined by or or nor, the verb must agree with the nearest part
of the subject
Interjections
 an interjection is a word or group of words that expressed strong feeling; it has not
grammatical connection to any other words in the sentence
 commonly used interjections: aha, alas, awesome, hey, look, no, oh, well, wow, yes
 an interjection that expressed a very strong feeling may be followed by an exclamation
mark
 interjections that express a milder feeling might be followed by a comma
All Parts of Speech
 PICNAVVAP
Pronoun
Interjection
Conjunction
Noun
Adjective
Verb (action)
Verb (linking)
Adverb
Preposition
Chapter 14: Clauses and Complex Sentences
Sentences and Clauses
 a simple sentence has one complete subject and one complete predicate
 a compound sentence is a sentence that contains two or more connected simple sentence;
each simple sentence in a compound sentence is called a main clause
 a main clause has a subject and a predicate and can stand alone as a sentence
 if the main clauses are connected by and, but, or, or, a comma precedes the conjunction;
if the main clauses are not joined by a conjunction, a semicolon can be used as the
connector
 a subordinate clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate but does not
express a complete though and cannot stand alone as a sentence; a subordinate clause is
always combined with a main clause in a sentence
 a complex sentence is a sentence that has one main clause and one or more subordinate
clauses
 an adjective clause is a subordinate clause that modifies or describes, a noun or pronoun,
in the main clause of a complex sentence
 an adjective clause is usually introduced by a relative pronoun; relative pronouns signal
that a clause is a subordinate clause and cannot stand alone
 common relative pronouns: that, which, who, whom, whose, whoever, what

an adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies, or describes, the verb in the main
clause of a complex sentence
 an adverb clause is introduced by a subordinating conjunction; subordinating conjunction
signal that a clause is a subordinate clause and cannot stand alone
subordinating conjunctions: AAAWWWUUBBISSE
As
After
Although
When
While
Wherever (whenever)
Unless
Until
Before
Because
If
Since
So that
Even
 a noun clause is a subordinate clause used as a noun
Chapter 15: Verbals
Participles
 a present participle is formed by adding –ing to a verb
 a past participle is usually formed by adding –ed to a verb
 it can function both as a verb or an adjective
 a participial phrase is a group of words that includes a participle and other words that
complete its meaning
 a participial phrase that begins a sentence is always set off with a comma
Gerunds
 a gerund is a verb form that ends in –ing and is used as a noun
 sometimes a gerund functions as the subject of a sentence
 a gerund phrase is a group of words that includes a gerund and other words that complete
its meaning
Infinitives
 an infinitive is formed from the word to together with the base form of a verb; infinitives
are often used as nouns in sentence
 sometimes an infinitive functions as the subject of a sentence; it names whom or what
the sentence is about
 other times, the infinitive may function as the direct object of a verb
 an infinitive phrase is a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that
complete its meaning
Chapter 16: Subject-Verb Agreement
Making Subjects and Verbs Agree
 a singular noun subject calls for a singular form of the verb
 a plural noun subject calls for a plural form of the verb
 the irregular verbs be, do, and have can be main verbs or helping verbs, they must also
agree with the subject
 here or there is never the subject of a sentence; look for the subject after the verb
Collective Nouns and Other Special Subjects
 a collective noun names a group; the noun has a singular meaning when its used to tell
about a group that acts as a unit; the noun has a plural meaning when used to describe
members of the group acting as individuals
 certain noun end in –s but take a singular verb (words such as economics, AIDS, physics,
and news)
 other nouns that name one thing end in –s but take a plural verb (words such as scissors,
eyeglasses, and pants)
 when the subject refers to an amount as a single unit, it is singular; when the subject
refers to a number of individual units, it is plural
 a title of a book or work of art is always singular even if a noun within the title is plural
Indefinite Pronouns
 an indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that does not refer to a specific person, place, thing or
idea
 singular indefinite pronouns: another, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody,
everyone, everything, much, neither, nobody, no one, nothing, on, somebody, someone,
something
 plural indefinite pronouns: both, few, many, others, several
 the indefinite pronouns all, any, most, none, and some maybe be singular or plural,
depending on the phrase that follows
Literature/Reading Comprehension
The Pearl (from Sparknotes.com)
 Point of View: The narrator uses third-person, omniscient narration, meaning he or she
not only tells us what various characters think and feel but also provides analysis and
commentary on the story. The narrator shifts perspective frequently, focusing most often
on Kino but occasionally focusing on other characters such as Juana and the doctor.
 Tone: The narrator tells Kino’s story to teach a moral lesson, and so treats Kino above all
as a cautionary figure. At the same time, however, the narrator seems to see Kino as a
sort of tragic hero, and is moved by the human weakness Kino’s actions reveal. The
narrator often shows a certain respect for Kino’s striving to realize his ambitions—even
while recognizing the mistakes Kino makes and mourning his ultimate moral downfall.
 Setting (time): Possibly around the late nineteenth or early twentieth century
 Setting (place): A Mexican coastal village called La Paz, probably on the Baja Peninsula
 Major Conflict: After finding a magnificent pearl, Kino seeks to sell it to acquire wealth.
He wishes for his son’s wound to heal, and for his son to obtain an education and become
an equal to the European colonists who keep his people in a state of ignorance and
poverty. When he tries to sell the pearl, however, Kino quickly meets resistance in the
form of other people’s greed. Ultimately, his struggle to acquire wealth places him at
odds with his family, his culture, and nature, as Kino himself succumbs to greed
and violence.
 Rising Action: A scorpion stings Coyotito; Kino discovers a great pearl; Kino’s attempts
to sell the pearl are unsuccessful, and he is mysteriously attacked; Kino beats Juana for
attempting to discard the pearl.
 Climax: Kino kills a man who attacks him for his pearl, an event that exposes the tension
surrounding this object as a bringer of great evil as well as a chance for salvation.
 Falling Action: Kino and Juana flee the village and find themselves chased by trackers;
Kino fights with the trackers, not knowing that they have taken Coyotito’s cry to be that
of a coyote and shot him; Kino and Juana return to the village and throw the pearl back
into the sea.
Three Skeleton Key
Before You Read
-Suspense is the uncertainty or anxiety that we feel about what will happen next in a story
-Foreshadowing is the use of clues to suggest events that will happen later in the story
foreshadowing often heightens suspense
 Three Skeleton Key is a short story that talks about the story of three lighthouse keepers
and their scary encounter with giant killer rats.
 Be prepared for comprehension questions
Song of the Trees
Before You Read
-Theme is the idea about life revealed in a piece of literature.
 The story follows the time Mr. Anderson tried to cut down the trees on the Logan
family's land, and the children’s way of preventing it.
A Mason-Dixon Memory
Before You Read
-a flashback is a scene that breaks the normal time order of a plot to show a past event
 Most of the story is told in the point of a flashback. After the story begins, the writer
continues into a flashback of his childhood experience: When Clifton was thirteen, he
went to graduation trip to Washington D.C. As an African American, Clifton was not
allowed to go to the amusement park because of the Mason-Dixon Line. His friends
show friendship over race as they refuse going to there as well.
Bargain
Before You Read
-in the first-person point of view, a character tells the story, using the pronoun I.
 Mr. Baumer was a smart immigrant who knew how to write and read. On the other hand,
there was Slade, who was illiterate and bullied Mr. Baumer. One time, Mr. Baumer hired
Slade as his freighter and played revenged on him. Mr. Baumer knew that Slade always
stole beer from the box of goods people ordered. He also knew that Slade couldn't read.
Mr. Baumer sneakily planned, ordering poisonous beer. Slade drank the poisonous beer
and died.