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Ch7
SKIT-ANCIENT ROME-Geography and Legends
N1: Now it is time to learn about one of the greatest ancient civilizations: Rome.
N2: Let’s contact the spirits of the ancient Romans. Oh spirits, come and tell us about ancient Rome!
N1: Look! No one else has that shape! I would recognize it anywhere! It is Italia!
ITALIA: Yes, it is I, Italia! If you want to understand the Romans, first you must understand me, the land of Italy!
First, I am, obviously, shaped like a giant, high heeled boot, which seems to be kicking the island of Sicily, which is
shaped like a football.
SICILIA: Ouch!
ITALIA: My top is sheltered by the mountains called the Alps, My toe and heel slice into the Mediterranean Sea.
N1: Are you a mountainous land, like Greece?
ITALIA: I have mountains, but overall, I am not as mountainous as Greece. The Alps along my northern border are
high and rugged. I also have a range of mountains, called the Apennine Mountains, which run down my eastern side,
but they are not high and rugged. They are more like rolling hills.
N2: What advantages did your land have?
ITALIA: The Alps helped protect me from attack from the north. Because the Apennines were not so high and
rugged, trade and travel were much easier in my land than in Greece. My rich rolling farmland was a great
advantage. Also my strategic position in the center of the Mediterranean Sea was a perfect position from which
rule all the lands around the Mediterranean.
N1: What about rivers. Do you have rivers?
ITALIA: Yes! The Po River in my northern region lies in a rich, fertile valley. The Arno and Rubicon are smaller, but
also important. Tiber River, which runs through my middle, is where my greatest city, Rome, was founded. Here is
my friend, the spirit of the Tiber River.
FATHER-TIBER: The city of Rome was founded, in west-central Italy, in the region called Latium, along my banks
at a place where there were 7 hills. The location was about 20 miles inland from the Mediterranean Sea, which
made it less open to attack by pirates. Rome was founded at a place where I, the Tiber River, was shallow, and was
easy to cross.
N2: Will you tell us how Rome was founded?
FATHER –TIBER: Shall I start with the myth or with the historical fact?
N1: Isn’t historical fact more important than myth, father Tiber?
FATHER-TIBER: Not necessarily! Both are important. Myths are sometimes even more important than fact
because they tell us what the ancient people believed about themselves. They are a window into the minds and
hearts of the people. The great Roman poet Virgil wrote the epic poem, The Aeneid, which told about how Aeneas,
a Trojan, came to Italy.
VIRGIL: Long ago, about 1250BC, there was a great war between Greece and Troy. The Greeks won, and burned
the city of Troy. After the Greeks destroyed the city, Aeneas, who was a cousin of the royal family of Troy,
escaped along with his old father, his small son, and a small group of tired, ragged refugees.
AENEAS: I am Aeneas! I carried my old crippled father on my shoulders, and led my little son by the hand through
the smoke of the burning city of Troy. My wife followed, but unfortunately she got lost in the smoke and confusion,
and was killed by a Greek soldier. So I, along with my father and son, and a few other ragged survivors escaped
from Troy. We sailed around the Mediterranean, had many adventures. We were ship-wrecked on the coast of
North Africa where I had a passionate love affair with Dido, Queen of Carthage.
N1: Did you stay in Carthage with Dido?
AENEAS: No, Jupiter sent me a message that I must leave and sail to Italy, where it was my destiny to found a
new race of people. So I left her. Alas, she killed herself because of her grief.
N2: What happened next?
AENEAS: I settled in Italy, and married an Italian princess. My son Ascanius eventually founded a town called
Alba Longa. The famous twins, Romulus and Remus, were born there about 400 years later.
N1: You mean you were a Trojan! Weren’t the Trojans the enemies of the Greeks!
AENEAS: That’s the whole point, don’t you see! My story tells you how the Romans viewed themselves. While the
Romans admired the art and literature of the Greeks, they viewed them with suspicion. They saw themselves as
more practical and direct, and more concerned with law and justice. They identified themselves with me, Aeneas,
and with the Trojans, that city that was so terribly mistreated by the Greeks! They saw themselves as a
resurrected Troy.
N2: That’s fascinating. Now where do Romulus and Remus fit in?
LIVY: I am Livy, a Roman historian who wrote a history of Rome. I started with the legend of Romulus and Remus.
About 800BC, many generations after Aeneas and the Trojans settled in Italy, there was a good king of Alba
Longa, named Numitor. He was overthrown by his wicked brother Amulius. Listen to the story:
AMULIUS: I have overthrown my brother Numitor and imprisoned him, and now I rule Alba Longa. However, my
brother has a daughter, Rhea Silvia. I must make sure that she does not have sons that will try to overthrow me. I
will make her a “Vestal Virgin”, a priestess to the goddess Vesta, so she will never marry and have children!
LIVY: That is what Amulius did, but the god Mars saw Rhea Silvia, and fell in love with her. He came to her, and
she conceived and bore two fine little boys, Romulus and Remus!
AMULIUS: Alas, my niece has two little boys! To secure my power, I will order one of my servants to throw them
in the Tiber River! Servant throw the babies in the river!
SERVANT: (to himself) I don’t have the heart to actually throw them in the river. I’ll put them in a basket and set
them here in this shallow area.
FATHER TIBER: I, father Tiber, will save these little boys, I will gently bring the babies to the shore.
LIVY: So that is what Father Tiber did. There on the shore, a mother wolf found Romulus and Remus! Listen:
MOTHER WOLF: What sweet babies! I will carry them to my den and care for them! (Mother Wolf takes the
babies)
WOODPECKER: Do you need any help with those sweet babies? I can help you feed them! (Woodpecker gives them
small bites of food).
LIVY: So the boys were cared for by a Mother Wolf with help from the Woodpecker. Mother Wolf and she became
one of the most important symbols of Rome.
The Romans saw themselves as a lot like wolves, fierce fighters but also nurturing. Like wolves, Romans saw
themselves as pack animals, intensely loyal to the pack. After a while, a shepherd came along and saw the boys.
SHEPHERD: What fine boys! I have no children, so I will take these babies home to my wife, and we will raise
them as our own.
LIVY: So, Romulus and Remus grew up. Eventually they found out about their true identity.
ROMULUS: We will overthrow our cruel uncle, and put our kind old grandfather back on the throne of Alba Longa.
Then we will build a city of our own, at the spot where the Mother Wolf found us.
LIVY: That is what Romulus and Remus did. Now comes the dark and bloody part of the story. Listen:
ROMULUS AND REMUS: We will both build towns.
ROMULUS: I will build my city here on the Palatine hill, where the Mother Wolf found us. Look, brother, I have
started building my city wall!
REMUS: Your city wall is so small that I can jump right over it! (Remus mockingly jumps over Romulus’s wall).
LIVY: Romulus and Remus got in a fight, and Romulus killed his brother Remus. Then Romulus finished building his
city, and named it “Rome”, after himself. The year was 753BC. REMEMBER THAT YEAR, 753BC. That was the year
Rome was founded, and it became the “year one” in the Roman dating system.
N2: Is that the true story? Did all that really happen?
LIVY Well, maybe it didn’t happen exactly like that, but the story is very famous, and it tells us a lot about the
Romans and how they viewed themselves.
PAUSE: ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. Use the map in your book on page 150 to label the mountains and rivers of Italy. Alps, Apennines, Po, Arno,
Rubicon, Tiber, Sicily. Place the city of Rome on the map.
2. What natural advantages does the land of Italy have?
Hint: The A_____ help protect it from attack from the north.
The A______________ Mountains were not high and rugged, so tr_____ and travel were relatively easy.
Italy has rich rolling f_____________.
It’s position in the center of the M_______________ Sea makes it a perfect place from which to
Lands around the Mediterranean.
4. Who was Virgil?
Who was Aeneas?
Where did Aeneas come from?
Where did he settle?
What does the story of Aeneas tell us about how the Romans viewed themselves?
5. Who were Romulus and Remus?
What does the story of Romulus and Remus tell us about how the Romans viewed themselves?
Sec 1 continued: ANSWER FROM POWER POINT
** Review: Geography and Myth-You don’t have to write the answers, but be able to answer these:
1. What range of mountains borders Italy to the north? What range of mountains runs down the eastern side
of Italy?
2. Who was Virgil?
3. Who was Aeneas? Where did Aeneas come from? Where did he settle? What does the Aeneid tell us about
how the Romans saw themselves?
4. Who were Romulus and Remus? What does their story tell us about how the Romans viewed themselves.
A. How Rome began:
1. About 2000BC, ____________________ migrated into and settled in Italy.
2. The ___________ (ancestors of the Romans) were Indo-Europeans who settled in east-central Italy;
The region was called _________________.
3. According to tradition, the city of Rome was founded in __________ (became the Roman year 1)
4. It was located at a shallow place on the _______________River where there were _____________
5. Several early villages on these __ hills combined to become the city of Rome.
B. Neighboring people in Italy
1. The E________________ lived in the region north of Latium. From them the Romans learned the basics of
e_____________ and their written a______________:
L__________ (Roman) Alphabet (essentially our own alphabet) came from the
E__________ Alphabet, which came from the
G__________ Alphabet, which came from the
P___________ Alphabet
2. G___________ colonies were on the coast of southern Italy. From them the Romans got
some of their ____________ about the gods.
C. Early History
1. Who ruled Rome from 753BC-509BC? _______________
Accomplishments during this period included:
Building the C_________ M__________ a big drain that drained the swamp between the hills
Establishing the F_____________the city-center, where the swamp had been
Building the first b____________ of the Tiber River, and the first city w___________
Establishment of the S_________________ to advise the kings
2. What happened in 509BC?
3. What kind of government did the Romans have from 509BC-27BC? What does “republic” literally mean?
4. What was the official name of the Roman Republic?
5.
6.
What was the Senate? What power did it have? How did Senators get their positions?
Elected Magistrates included:
1) ______________-chief executives; each had veto power over the other; ran the government & led the
army; elected for 1 year term; symbol of his power was the fasces, a bundle of sticks around an ax.
2) ______________judges of law courts and leaders of the army; elected for 1 year term
3) _____________enrolled the citizens; oversaw public morals; elected every 1½ years for a 5 year term.
4) ______________supervised public places, public games, the grain supply
5) ______________financial officers, who helped the Praetors and Consuls.
6) ______________elected by the Plebeians (commoners) to represent them; had veto power over any
measure passed by the Senate
7. Explain the special position of the “Dictator”:
When was a dictator chosen?
What power did he have?
What was the maximum amount of time he could hold the position?
8. What were the Assemblies?
9.
How did the Assembly of Centuries vote?
Why did the votes of rich men count more than the votes of poor men?
10. Who was in the Plebeian Assembly? What special group of magistrates did they elect?
11. What were the two social classes of the early republic? What two social classes were added in the later
republic?
12. Who held almost all the power in the early republic? What disadvantages did the Plebeians have in the early
republic?
13. What was the “Conflict of the Orders”, 509BC-265BC?
14. What tactic did the Plebeians use when they wanted to protest and get more rights?
15. What rights did they gain in 490BC?
16. What major advance did the Plebeians gain in 450BC? What were the earliest written laws of Rome called?
17. What advance was made by the Plebeians in 445BC?
18. What advance was made by the Plebeians in 342BC?
19. What advance was made by the Plebeians in 287BC? By this time, what was the legal relationship of Patricians
and Plebeians?
20. During the period 509BC-265BC, how did Roman control expand?
21. By 265BC, what area did Rome control?
22. Who served in the early Roman army? What was a soldier called?
23. How was the army organized?
_________________: about 4800 men
_________________: about 480 men
_________________: about 80 men
_________________ : about 8 men
__________________: additional troops added from non-citizens, often cavalry & archers
24. Describe the discipline of the Roman army.
25. What was given to retired soldiers?
26. In general, at this early period of Roman history, how did they treat the conquered peoples of Italy?
27. At this early period of Roman history, to whom did the Romans give full citizenship?
To whom did they give half citizenship?
28. How did giving retired Roman soldiers land help spread Roman culture and control?
29. How did most of the people of Italy come to feel about the Roman government?
D. Early Roman society and culture
1. What role did the family play in Roman society?
What was a gens?
What was the “pater familias”?
2. What was the position of women in Roman society?
3. Who were some of the most important Roman deities?
4. Who was worshipped in the home?
5. What was the position of the Pontifex Maximus?
6. Who were the Vestal Virgins? What was their official responsibility?
7. What were some of the Roman methods of foretelling the future?