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transpiration the process by which plants release water vapor into the air through stomata cuticle a waxy or fatty and watertight layer on the external wall of epidermal cells stoma one of many openings in a leaf or a stem of a plant that enable gas exchange to occur xylem* the tissue that conducts water and minerals in vascular plants phloem the tissue that conducts food (sugars, amino acids, and mineral nutrients) in vascular plants absorption * The movement of a substance, such as a liquid or solute, across a cell membrane by means of diffusion or osmosis aerobic describes a process that requires oxygen anaerobic describes a process that is without oxygen autotroph an organism that produces its own nutrients from inorganic substances of from the environment instead of consuming other organisms heterotroph an organism that obtains organic food from molecules by eating other organisms of their by products and that cannot synthesis organic compounds from inorganic materials ATP adenosine triphosphate, an organic molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes; composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar and three phosphate groups cellular respiration the process by which cells produce energy from carbohydrates; atmospheric oxygen combines with glucose to form water and carbon dioxide chlorophyll a green pigment that is present in most plant cells, that gives plants their characteristic green color, and that reacts with sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to form carbohydrates mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells, the cell organelle that is surrounded by two membranes and that is the site of cellular respiration, which produces ATP chloroplast an organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs C6H12O6 glucose CO2 carbon dioxide fermentation the breakdown of carbohydrates by enzymes, bacteria, yeasts, or mold in the absence of oxygen Digestive System* The muscular tube that forms the part of the digestive tract extending from the stomach to the anus and consisting of the small and large intestines. esophagus a long, straight tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach stomach* muscular organ in the digestive system which breaks down food with acids and enzymes. intestine* The muscular tube that forms the part of the digestive tract extending from the stomach to the anus and consisting of the small and large intestines. colon a section of the large intestine photosynthesis the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria to use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen Circulatory System* the system of organs and tissues, including the heart, blood, blood vessels, lymph, lymphatic vessels, and lymph glands, involved in circulating blood and lymph through the body heart* the hollow muscular organ in vertebrates whose contractions propel the blood through the circulatory system artery a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart vein in biology, a vessel that carries blood to the heart capillary a tiny blood vessel that allows an exchange between blood and cells in tissue valve a fold of membranes that controls the flow of a fluid plasma in biology, the liquid component of blood red blood cell a disc-shaped cell that has no nucleus, that contains hemoglobin and that transports oxygen in the circulatory system white blood cell a type of cell in the blood that destroys bacteria, viruses, and toxic proteins and helps the body develop immunities Respiratory System* The system of organs in the body involved in respiration pharynx the muscular flap that leads from the mouth to the digestive tract larynx the area of the throat that contains the vocal cords and produces vocal sounds trachea in insects, myriapods and spiders, one of a network of air tubes; in vertebrates, the tube that connects the pharynx to the lungs alveolus any of the tiny air cells of the lung where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged lung the central organ of the respiratory system in which oxygen from the air is exchanged with carbon dioxide from the blood bronchus one of the two tubes that connect the lungs with the trachea diaphragm a dome-shaped muscle that is attached to the lower ribs and that functions as the main muscle in respiration digestion the breaking down of food into chemical substances that can be used for energy