Download The Peripheral Nervous System

Unit 3 - Neurobiology and
Communication
CfE Higher Human Biology
17. Divisions of the Nervous System
Learning Intentions
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Identify the structures and functions of the nervous system
state that the peripheral nervous system includes the autonomic and somatic nervous system
describe the antagonistic action of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
explain how the sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate
explain how the sympathetic nervous system increases breathing rate
explain how the sympathetic nervous system slows down digestive processes
state that the sympathetic nervous system is involved in fight or flight
explain how the parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate
explain how the parasympathetic nervous system decreases breathing rate
explain how the parasympathetic nervous system speeds up digestive processes
state that the parasympathetic nervous system is involved in rest and digest
The Nervous System
• The nervous system of the human body is responsible for numerous
functions, such as:
• analysing sensory information from the body and external
environment
• storing some information
• making decisions regarding appropriate responses and behaviours.
• It produces motor responses by causing muscular contractions or
secretion from glands.
The Nervous System
• The nervous system can be divided
into the Central Nervous System
(CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS).
• The CNS is made of the brain and
spinal cord.
• The PNS is made up of neurons
throughout the rest of the body.
The Nervous System - Overview
Nervous
system
Central Nervous
System (CNS)
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS)
Autonomic
Nervous
System (ANS)
Sympathetic
Somatic
Nervous
System (SNS)
Parasympathetic
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
• The PNS is comprised of sensory and motor neuron pathways which pass
information to and from the CNS via electrical impulses.
• When a stimulus is detected by receptors in external sensory organs (e.g.
eyes, ears etc) or internally (e.g. thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus), an
impulse is carried along sensory nerve cells (neurons) to the CNS. This keeps
the brain in touch with what is going on in the body's external and internal
environments.
• The CNS processes the information and impulses are transmitted along motor
neurons to effectors, such as muscles and endocrine glands, which bring about
a response, such as muscle contraction or hormone/enzyme secretion.
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
CNS
Nerve impulses
carried by
sensory neurons
external e.g.
skin
Receptors
internal e.g.
e.g. temperature
thermoreceptors
stimuli
of blood/skin
Nerve impulses
carried by
motor neurones
Effectors
response
e.g. muscles
e.g. muscular
contraction
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
• The PNS can be divided into the Somatic Nervous System (SNS) and the
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS).
Somatic Nervous System SNS
• The somatic nervous system controls the skeletal muscles through the
action of sensory and motor neurons and is involved in mostly voluntary
actions, such as walking and speaking.
• The SNS is also responsible for involuntary reflex actions e.g. limb
withdrawal.
The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
• The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is responsible for regulating internal
structures such as the heart, blood vessels, bronchioles and alimentary canal.
• This regulation occurs through automatic, involuntary actions which involve
sensory and motor neurones.
• The autonomic nervous system is involved in homeostatic control (e.g.
regulation of body temperature or osmoregulation).
• The nerves of the ANS arise in the brain and emerge from the spinal cord at
numerous points to reach the organs that they stimulate.
The Nervous System - Overview
Nervous
system
Central Nervous
System (CNS)
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS)
Autonomic
Nervous
System (ANS)
Sympathetic
Somatic
Nervous
System (SNS)
Parasympathetic
Autonomic Nervous System
• The ANS is made up of two parts, the sympathetic and the parasympathetic
systems.
• The Parasympathetic System
• in control in times of rest and relaxation; slows functions and conserves resources
• acts on heart to lower heart rate
• slows breathing rate
• decreases blood flow to muscles
• increases blood flow to digestive system (increases digestion)
• The Sympathetic System
• in control when the body is active or excited; raises activity levels
• acts on heart to increase heart rate
• increases breathing rate
• increases blood flow to muscles
• decreases blood flow to digestive system (slows digestion)
• increases perspiration (i.e. sweating)
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
• The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems act on
many areas of the body.
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
• The sympathetic system is involved in the ‘fight or flight’ response,
whilst the parasympathetic system is involved in the ‘rest and digest’
response.
• As these systems work on the same structures but have opposite
effects, they are said to have an antagonistic relationship.
Questions-1
1. Describe the structures of the central nervous system
2. Describe the functions of the central nervous system
3. Describe the structures of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
4. Describe the differences in structure between the autonomic (ANS)
and somatic nervous systems (SNS)
Answers 1
1.
Describe the structures of the central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
2. Describe the functions of the central nervous system
The CNS processes the information sent from the senses along sensory neurons and
will send out impulses along motor neurons to effectors.
3. Describe the structures of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
The PNS is comprised of sensory and motor neuron pathways
4. Describe the differences in structure between the autonomic (ANS) and somatic
nervous systems (SNS)
SNS involves the action of sensory and motor neurons while the nerves of
the ANS arise in the brain and emerge from the spinal cord at numerous
points to reach the organs that they stimulate.
Questions 2
5. Describe the functions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
6. Describe the differences in function between the autonomic (ANS)
and somatic nervous systems (SNS)
7. Describe the functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic
system.
8. Describe the antagonistic nature of the sympathetic and
parasympathetic system.
Answers 2
5. Describe the functions of the peripheral nervous system
(PNS).
PNS pass information to and from the CNS via electrical
impulses.
6. Describe the differences in function between the
autonomic (ANS) and somatic nervous systems (SNS)
SNS is involved in mostly voluntary actions, such as walking
and speaking. The SNS is also responsible for involuntary
reflex actions.
ANS is responsible for regulating internal structures such as
the heart, blood vessels etc.
Answers 2 (continued)
7. Describe the functions of the sympathetic and
parasympathetic system.
Parasympathetic system is in control in times of rest and
relaxation; slows functions and conserves resources.
The sympathetic system is in control when the body is active
or excited; raises activity levels
8. Describe the antagonistic nature of the sympathetic and
parasympathetic system.
They work on the same structures but have opposite
effects