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Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
A green plants ability to get energy from the Sun and turn ___ from the ____ into
_____ (carbohydrates) is called ___________ and is represented by the chemical
equation below:
Therefore, all carbohydrates come from green plants. Carbohydrates are nutrients
based on molecules of sugar; because of this they are called “___________” which
means “_____”. All carbohydrates have the general formula C-H2O, in other words
they are “carbon-hydrates”. The function of carbohydrates are to act as the
_______________________ in cells as they pass through the process of ______
_______________, which is represented by the chemical equation below:
In photosynthesis _________________ is used to produce energy rich ______
molecules (glucose).
In respiration the ______ molecule (glucose) is broken down and releases ______
(in the form of ATP) for the cell to use.
Two important organelles are specialized for energy conversion.
1.
2.
There are two main varieties of carbohydrates that we consume,
simple sugars such as monosaccharides (_______ and _______)
or disaccharides (______ and ______), and ___________________ (_______ –
________ of sugar in __________).
_______ is a carbohydrate that acts as a storehouse for _________ in _______.
It is produced in the ____. Excess amounts of glycogen get converted into _____.
Fibre is a carbohydrate (______) that cannot be _______ by humans. It helps to
hold _______ and provide ______ in the large intestine, thus it helps to eliminate
our waste.
Current North American guidelines recommend that carbohydrates, especially
________ carbohydrates provide ____ to ____ of your daily energy requirements,
which should be approximately ________. _______, ______ and _________ are
excellent dietary sources of carbohydrates. When your diet is rich in
carbohydrates, your body extracts energy from them, saving ________ for muscle
building and body repair.
Lipids
Fats serve as a ________________________ along with providing insulation and
acting as hormones. Current guidelines recommend that dietary fats should supply
no more than ____ of your daily energy requirements. There are two main types of
fat we consume, _______________ and ________________.
Triglycerides are composed of a _______ molecule attached to ______________
chains. The fatty acid chain determines the type of triglyceride.
A)
Saturated Fatty Acids
There are only single bonds between each carbon atom. This organization
allows for a ____ arrangement of the fatty acid tails, allowing them to ____
close together, which explains why saturated fatty acids are _____ at room
temperature. These are found in foods such as _____, _____, _______ and
_____. Saturated fats are closely associated with __________. They can
increase “bad cholesterol” (___) and decrease “good cholesterol” (___).
B)
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
There is one (______________) or more (_____________) ______ bonds
in the carbon chain. This means that not every carbon is bonded to its
maximum number of hydrogen atoms.
Double bonds produce _____ in the fatty acid chain, consequently, the more double
bonds the chain posses, the greater the difficulty for these chains to pack
together. This explains why unsaturated fats form ________ at room
temperature (___). These are found in foods such as ___ or soft _______.
Most naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids are found in what is called the
___-configuration. These types of fats appear to ______ total cholesterol levels.
Unsaturated fats can have their double bonds chemically ________ with hydrogen
atoms (a process termed ______________). During this process ______ fats are
produced. The resulting molecule creates ________ chains, which are capable of
being _______ at room temperature, such as _________. Trans-fats elevate ___
cholesterol levels and lowers ___ cholesterol levels. They are thought to be
___________ to human health.
Omega-__ and omega-__ fatty acids are essential fats found in ___, ______, ___
and ______________ that are required to build ______, the protective covering
around __________ of our ________ cells.
There are two types of cholesterol; about ____ of cholesterol is made by our ___,
while the other ____ comes from _______:
1. Dietary Cholesterol
 Found in foods containing animal
fat - _____________________
_________________________
 Doesn’t normally cause blood
cholesterol to ___________ in
most people
2. Blood Cholesterol
 Most of this cholesterol is produced by the ________
 Two types - HDL and LDL
HDL (good) - High-Density Lipoprotein
 Contains less lipids and more proteins
 Helps ________________________ from body
 To boost HDL - _______, be _________ and maintain ________________
LDL (bad) - Low-Density Lipoprotein
 Contains more lipids and less proteins
 Clogs arteries because these are deposited on artery walls (______), blocks
circulation, increases risk of ______________ or ________
 To lower LDL - cut down on ____________ and _____ fats, eat more foods
containing soluble ________
Proteins
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Account for _____ of the dry weight of cells
Wide variety of _______ in organisms – _______________________etc…
Huge variety of _________ - each protein has a unique _______________
_______
Always assembled from a common cellular pool of _________________
__ of the 20 amino acids are considered ______ amino acids as they cannot
be produced by the body, but must be obtained through _____
Proteins should make-up __________ of daily energy requirements
Animals sources such as ___________________ and ______ are sources
of ___________ proteins (provide all 8 of the essential amino acids)
_______________ and __________ are ____________ proteins, because
they do not provide all the essential amino acids
Vegetarians attempt to avoid all meat products, although may consume dairy
and egg products. Vegans will restrict their diet to foods derived from plants
Vegetarians and vegans must carefully balance their food intake in order to
obtain all eight essential amino acids
An amino acid is composed of a ______ atom (called the _____ carbon) ________
bonded to four different groups:
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