Download Topic 1 – Measurement and graphing

Measurement and Science Tools
SI Units – the units used in science
Measurement
Tool used
Length
Metric Ruler
Unit
cm, or mm
Volume – liquids Graduated cylinder
mL
Volume – solids Metric Ruler LxWxH
cm3
Mass
Triple beam balance
g
Density
Formula D= M / V
g/mL or g/cm3
1 cm = 10 mm
 When reading a graduated cylinder be
sure to read the bottom of the
meniscus!!
 When reading a triple beam balance be
sure to add up the total of all 3 weights
to find the mass of an object.
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Density of water = 1g/cm3 or 1g/mL
D<1 will float in water
D>1 will sink in water
Dissolving a solid a liquid will
increase the density of the liquid!
Density does not change if an object is
cut in half, or doubled in size.
Materials have the same density
regardless of size!
Topic 2 – Scientific Method
Quantitative observation: Includes a quantity, a number (made using 5 senses!)
Qualitative observation: Describes a quality, color, shape, size, texture (made using 5 senses!)
Inference: A prediction based on your observation
Example experiment design problem
Read the statement below and design an experiment to test the validity of the statement. Be sure to include the
following in your experiment design:
 Problem – stated as a question
 Hypothesis – If (independent variable) then, (dependent variable)
 Independent variable (I change, what is different between control and experimental group?)
 Dependent variable (what you will measure- should be in SI units!)
 2 Control variables (what you will keep the same for both control and experimental groups)
Statement: Rockets that have 4 fins will fly higher than rockets that have no fins.
ANSWER:
 Problem: If I make a rocket with 4 fins, will it fly higher than a rocket with 0 fins?
 Independent variable: The number of fins
 Dependent variable: Flight height
 Control variables: The size of the body, the launcher, the amount of water.
 Hypothesis: If the number of fins increases, then the rocket will fly higher.
Ecology
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Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with each other and the non-living environment.
Organism – any living thing
Biotic – living
Abiotic – non-living
Biodiversity – the variety of different life forms in one place
Behavioral adaptation - a behavior that helps an organism survive. Ex. eating food that no other
organism eats)
Physical adaptation – a body part that helps an organism survive. Ex. A special shaped beak that allows
birds to eat food from a specific source.
Ecosystem stability depends on biodiversity
o High biodiversity = healthy ecosystem
o Low biodiversity = unhealthy ecosystem
Characteristics of living things:
 Metabolism – eating and processing food
 Reproduce – have babies
 Cells – all living things are made of cells
 Homeostasis – living things maintain a constant internal
environment
 Respond to environment – living things are able to move
and respond to conditions like temperature, sunlight, water
etc.
 Obtain and use energy
 Grow – get bigger, develop into mature adults
 Excrete – get rid of waste like #1, #2, and sweat
 Respiration – living things use the air (oxygen or CO2) to
create energy
MR. CHROGER
The main goal of ALL organisms is to find food and reproduce!
Cells and the human body
Smallest
Largest
Cells  Tissue  Organ  Organ system  Organism
Structure
Function
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Contains genetic information (DNA) , Control center for cell
Jelly like substance that fills the cell and allows materials to move
around
Controls what moves in and out of cell (like a door)
Provides structure and shape
Where PHOTOSYNTHESIS takes place, gives plants green color
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Chloroplast
Animal
Cell
Yes
Yes
Plant
Cell
Yes
Yes
Yes
NO
NO
Yes
Yes
Yes
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Animal cell
Section 7-2
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Plant Cell
Section 7-2
Cytoplasm
Chloroplasts
Cell
Membrane
Go to
Section:
Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Go to
Section:
Cell Wall
Cells reproduce ASEXUALLY – the cells are able to copy themselves to create identical cells
Body
System
Skeletal
system
Important Information
Main function: Supports and provides shape to
the body. Protects internal organs
Main organs: Bones, ligaments, joints
Muscular
system
Main function: Works with the skeletal system
to provide movement
Main organs: muscles
Muscles contract and relax to allow movement
Digestive
system
Main function: Breaks down food into nutrients
that can be absorbed into the blood
Major organs: Mouth, saliva, esophagus,
stomach, small and large intestines
Mechanical digestion: happens when you break
something up into pieces. Occurs in the mouth
when you chew, and in the stomach.
Chemical digestion: Happenss when a chemical
is added to food. Occurs when saliva starts to
break down food in the mouth, and when
stomach acid breaks down food in the stomach.
Picture
Main function: Pumps blood throughout the
Circulatory body to transport materials like oxygen, and
sugar to all cells.
system
Main organs: Heart, arteries, veins
Arteries carry oxygen rich / carbon dioxide
depleted blood AWAY from the heart
INs carry oxygen depleted / carbon dioxide
Ve
rich blood IN to the heart
Heart rate increases when the body needs more
oxygen
Main function: Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
Respiratory between the atmosphere and the blood
system
Main organs: Mouth, nose, lungs, alveoli
Alveoli are the little sacs inside the lungs that absorb the
oxygen
Excretory
Main function: Removes waste from the body
Types of waste include carbon dioxide, salt, heat, urine,
and feces
Main organs: KIDNEYS, skin, mouth / nose / lungs,
anus
Nervous
system
Main function: Controls all body functions, interprets
signals input from the 5 senses
Main organs: Brain, spinal cord, nerve cells
Body System
Reproductive
system
Main function
Main function: producing offspring
(babies)
Main organs in female: Ovaries,
uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina
Main organs in male: testes, urethra,
penis
FERTILIZATION OCCURS IN
THE OVIDUCT / FALLOPIAN
TUBES IN THE FEMALE. THE
SPERM AND EGG MUST MEET IN
THIS LOCATION IN ORDER TO
CREATE OFFSPRING.
Male sex cell - sperm
Female sex cell - egg
Endocrine
system
Main function: Releases hormones
that control changes within the body –
responsible for growth and
development
Main organs: glands that are located
throughout the body
Sexual and
Asexual
Reproduction
Sexual reproduction
2 sex cells combine to create1 new
organism
Each sex cell contributes ½ of the genetic
information
Asexual reproduction - 1 cell splits to
create a clone of itself. Asexual
reproduction creates GENETICALLY
IDENTICAL OFFSPRING!
Picture
Body System
Immune
system
Main function
Main function: Responsible for
identifying and destroying pathogens
(bad bacteria) that invade the body
Picture
Main organs: white blood cells, red
blood cells, nose / sinus mucus
membrane
Nutrition
Calories – a unit of measure of the amount of energy in food
If a person consumes more calories than they burn, they will
gain weight.
If a person consumes less calories than they burn, they will
lose weight.
If a person consumes the same amount of calories as they
burn, they will maintain their weight.
Exercise increases the number of calories that a person
burns.
Sex (male or female) and Age (15 years old vs 65 years old)
changes the normal number of calories that you need to
consume every day.
Nutrient
Protein
Carbohydrates
Vitamins & Minerals
Fats
Water
What it does!
Builds and repairs muscle in the body
Provide energy
Strengthen body cells
Store energy
Hydrates the body
Foods that provide it
Chicken, steak, pork, peanuts
Bread, rice, sugar
Vegetables
Cheese, milk
Water…duh!
Earth Science
HEAT
How does heat travel between different objects?
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Heat always moves from high temperatures to low temperatures.
Objects that are heated tend to expand (get bigger)
Objects that are cooled tend to contract (get smaller)
Water is the exception! When water freezes it expands (that’s why ice floats in water, it is less dense!)
Radiation – heat travels
Through the air
Convection – heat rises and cools
creating a circular current.
Convection causes wind
Conduction – heat travels through
Direct contact. This is how you get
burned!
MINERAL TESTS
Hardness – Diamonds are the hardest naturally occurring mineral on the Earth! We can test hardness by
trying to scratch a glass plate with a mineral.
Streak – Minerals leave behind a colored line when scratched against a white plate
Color – minerals are all different colors
Acid test – If you put a drop of acid on a mineral, some minerals will react and bubble.
Biosphere
All the parts of the
Earth that support
life!
Atmosphere
Layer of gases that
surround the Earth keeping
the Earth warm enough to
support life!
78% Nitrogen, 21%
Oxygen, 1% Other gases:
Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen
Lithosphere
Solid portion of the Earth
Hydrosphere
Liquid portion of the Earth
We live and stand on the
Lithosphere
Covers 75% of Earth
Most water is salt water
Separated into sections
called Tectonic Plates
Water Cycle!!!
The theory of plate tectonics…The crust is separated into plates that are constantly moving. We call the
movement continental drift. The plates move due to convection currents in the mantle. Magma heats up
and rises, then cools and falls.
PANGEA is the supercontinent that existed 300 million years ago.
Sediments – formed from weathering and erosion
Sedimentary rocks – formed from the dewatering and
compaction of sediments. THE ONLY TYPE THAT
HAS FOSSILS!
Metamorphic rocks – formed from heat and pressure
Igneous rocks – formed from melting rocks into
magma, then cooling and solidifying
Rocks are made of MINERALS!!!
Minerals have properties that we can test….streak
(scratching the mineral on a ceramic plate to see the
color of the line left behind), hardness (trying to
scratch glass with the mineral, diamonds are the
hardest mineral on earth, and luster (shiny or not)