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Plant Science Agriscience Applications Careers in Plant Science Objective: Investigate career opportunities related to plant science industries Careers in Plant Science Career Areas: Forest Careers Growing, managing and harvesting trees for wood and its by-products Horticulture Careers Floriculture- flower production and use Landscape and nursery- plants used around homes and businesses for aesthetic purposes Careers in Plant Science Forest Careers Forester Forest Ranger Helps with the science of growing trees Management of forest including fire prevention Logging Foreman Supervise the harvesting of trees Careers in Plant Science Floriculture (Horticulture) Floral designer Flower grower Greenhouse manager Retail florist Wholesale florist Careers in Plant Science Landscaping and nursery (Horticulture) Greenskeeper- cares for golf courses Landscaper- installs plants Landscape architect Nursery operator- grows trees and shrubs Turf farmer- grows turf (grass) for sale Plant Parts and Functions Objective: Explain the function of major plant parts as related to plant growth and health Plants Composed of many parts Roots Stems Leaves Flowers Roots Often the largest part of the plant Squash can have miles of roots Adventitious roots Found in places unexpected Poison ivy Mistletoe Root Two types of systems 1. Taproot- main root that usually grows down Carrots 2. Fibrous roots- thin, hair like, and numerous Grass Corn Root Tissue Root cap- outermost part of a root Tough cells that penetrate the soil Pushes through soil partials Roots Area of cell division Allows roots to grow longer New cell replace worn away cells Area of cell elongation Between the root cap and the plan base Cells become longer Cells become specialized Roots Xylem Carries water and nutrients to the upper portion of the plant Phloem Pipeline Carries food to the roots Food is stored in the roots Roots Areas of cell maturation Where cells mature Root hairs emerge Develop on the surface of the root Absorb water and nutrients Damaged easily Cannot be replaced Tap or fibrous??? Stems Support leaves, flowers, fruit Types of stems: Woody Herbaceous Other stems: Bulbs (onions) Rhizomes (wiregrass) Tubers (potato) Leaves Manufactures food for the plant Converts sunlight into food Photosynthesis Light Carbon dioxide + water = sugar + oxygen Leaves Help in the identification of plants Leaf margins Shape and size varies with each species Simple leaves Compound leaves Photosynthesis Objective: Explore the photosynthesis process as related to growth and development of a plant Think! Turn to a partner & come up with 3 reasons why you think photosynthesis is important & 3 reasons why photosynthesis is not important Process Light energy is connected to chemical energy Chloroplast contains chlorophyll Simple sugars are made (glucose) Carbon dioxide is used Oxygen is produced Learning the Photosynthesis Equation Oxygen Carbon dioxide Glucose water Photosynthesis Glucose 6CO2+6H2O Carbon Dioxide Oxygen C6H12O6+6O2 Water Photosynthesis (overview) What’s occurring? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Food is produced Energy is stored It occurs is cells that have chloroplasts Oxygen is released Water is used Carbon dioxide is used It happens in sunlight Slowing Photosynthesis Low Carbon dioxide Greenhouse Carbon dioxide generators Slowing Photosynthesis Low Light Dark rooms Light intensity matters Temperature Best at 65-85 degrees Fahrenheit Extreme temps can stop photosynthesis Respiration Food is used Energy is released Oxygen is used Carbon dioxide is produced Occurs in both light and dark Transpiration Release of water vapor from the stomata 90% of the water entering the roots 10% is used in chemical processes Functions: cooling transportation maintaining turgor pressure Plant Reproduction Objective: Describe flower and seed parts, including their function Plant Reproduction Two types of propagation: Sexual use of seed for reproducing plants only way to obtain new varieties and hybrid vigor often least expensive and quickest Asexual vegetative exact duplicate Flowers Functions to produce seeds Types of flowers Perfect (both male and female) Imperfect Pollination The union of pollen with the female part of the flower Parts of the Flower Stamen (male part) Filament Anther- manufactures pollen Pollen- male sexual reproductive cell Parts of the Flower Pistil (female part) Stigma- receives the pollen Style- connection to the ovary Ovary- contains the ovules or female reproductive cells Parts of the Flower Petals (corolla) Colored part of the flower Attract insects or other natural pollinators Parts of the Flower Stamen (Male) Stigma Style Ovary Pollen Anther Filament Pistil (Female) Flower Parts Anther Filament The Seed Parts of the seed: Seed Coat offers protection Endosperm supplies food for the seed Embryo is the young plant The Seed Endosperm Germination The seed starts to sprout and grow Requires four environmental factors: 1. 2. 3. 4. Water Air Light Temperature Environmental Factors Water imbibition (absorption of water) Tough seed coat Scarifying seeds Air is needed for respiration Seeds are viable or alive Environmental Factors Light Some seeds need light while others do not Seeds must have the right temperature to germinate Asexual Propagation Cutting vegetative parts of the plant: leaf cuttings root cuttings stem cuttings layering grafting T-budding tissue culture (micropropagation) Stem Cutting Division or Separation Grafting Layering Plant Science Objective: Analyze basic soil and media requirements for growth of agricultural crops Soil and Plant Media Soil is the top layer of the earth's surface Sphagunm moss root growth Perlite volcanic glass starting new plants media mixes Soil and Plant Media Vermiculite mineral mica-type material stating plant seeds cuttings media mixes Soil and Plant Media Peat Moss used in media mixes Soil pH Improper pH affects availability of nutrients limits plant intake Acid 2 5 Neutral 7 8 10 Alkaline Amending soil pH Amending soil pH Amending soil pH Lime is usually applied as finely ground dolomitic limestone calcium magnesium Fertilizers Objective: Explain nutrient requirements and soil amendments needed for growth of agricultural crops Problem… You hear of farmers and landowners applying fertilizer quite often. You figure that you should as well so that you can also have a nice garden or landscape. You go to Lowe’s and see several types of fertilizer. Which one do you choose? Why? Fertilizers Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Potassium Example: 10-10-10 Fertilizers Potassium Fertilizers Fertilizers must become soluble (liquid form) before they can be used by plants Organic fertilizers Manure Bone meal (phosphorus) Soybean meal Fertilizers Organic fertilizers slow acting long lasting lacking some primary nutrients Inorganic High level of nutrients Foliar Application Done by spraying fertilizer on leaves of plant Plant Science Tools Tools Pole pruner Best tool to use when pruning limbs in high places Tools Bush Axe Best when cutting bushes & undergrowth Tools Lopping shears Best tool to cut large branches when pruning shrubs that are somewhat thick or hard to reach Tools Planting bar Best tool used to set out tree seedlings Tools Grafting tool Best tool for preparing a plant to be joined to another plant asexually Tools Pruning saw Best tool for sawing limbs from shrubbery & trees Tools Pruning shears Best tool for pruning small limbs to shape shrubbery Tools Hedge Shears Best tool for shaping shrubbery into a continuous row for screening Tools Chain saw Best tool for cutting large trees & limbs