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READING-STUDY GUIDE 6-1 Name: Date: Teacher: Unit 6: Meteorology Weather Instruments (pg 611 - 614) Measuring Lower-Atmospheric Conditions 1. Complete the spider map below to list the instruments used to measure weather variables. Weather Instruments Measuring Upper-Atmospheric Conditions 2. What is a radiosonde, and what does it measure? _____________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. How is radar useful in determining weather conditions? _________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Forecasting the Weather (pg 615 - 620) Weather Maps 4. Using Figure 2, your notes, and your reference tables, describe fully ALL the weather conditions recorded in this station model. 5. Use the circle on the right to draw a station model with the following information: Temperature: 45oF Dew Point: 41oF Partly cloudy Wind: 10 knots from the south Barometric pressure: 997.5 mb Pressure has fallen 2.1 mb in last 3 hours Visibility: 3/4 mile 6. List the types of information given on a weather map. __________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ READING-STUDY GUIDE 6-2 Name: Date: Teacher: Unit 6: Meteorology Study of the Atmosphere (UPCO pg 291-294) Properties of Electromagnetic Energy 1. Radiation is energy that travels through space in the form of _____________________ 2. How fast does this energy travel through space? ______________________________ 3. Use your Reference Tables (or the chart on pg. 293) to answer the following questions. a. Which type of radiation has the greatest frequency? ______________________ b. Which type of radiation has the longest wavelength? _____________________ c. What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency of electromagnetic radiation? _______________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. What can be inferred about a material that is a good absorber of electromagnetic energy? __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Energy Transformations (UPCO pg 301 - 302) 5. What is a closed energy system? ________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 6. State the principle of conservation of energy. ______________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 7. In a system such as a ball thrown into the air, describe the relationship between potential and kinetic energy. ___________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 8. When electromagnetic energy is absorbed, it is reradiated at a __________________ wavelength than the wavelength that was absorbed. READING-STUDY GUIDE 6 - 3 Name: Date: Teacher: Unit 6: Meteorology Solar Energy and the Atmosphere (pg. 556 – 558) The Atmosphere and Solar Radiation 1. According to the diagram on pg. 556, how much of the solar energy reaching Earth's atmosphere is absorbed at the surface? _________________ 2. What happens to each of the following types of solar radiation when it interacts with Earth's atmosphere? a. Ultraviolet radiation ______________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ b. Infrared radiation ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ c. Visible light ____________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 3. What characteristics of a surface determine whether solar energy is absorbed or reflected? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. According to Table 1 on pg. 557, which surface reflects the most solar radiation? __________________________________________________________________ 5. Which surface absorbed the most solar radiation? ____________________________ Absorption and Infrared Energy 6. Describe the changes in wavelength that occur when Earth's surface absorbs solar radiation. _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 7. How is the lower atmosphere heated? ______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 8. Complete the following: When soil absorbs __________________ light from the sun, this energy is reradiated as _______________________ radiation. 9. Use the following terms to label the diagram on the right.: Visible light absorbed Infrared radiation reradiated Infrared radiation trapped 10. How have humans intensified the greenhouse effect? ________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ READING-STUDY GUIDE 6- 4 Name: Date: Teacher: Unit 6: Meteorology Heat and Temperature (UPCO pg 302 - 304) 1. Explain fully how Heat is different from Temperature __________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. What factor, other than temperature, affects the amount of heat in matter? __________ 3. When energy flows between objects at different temperatures, it flows from the ____________ object to the ___________________ object. Energy will continue to flow until _________________________________________________________ 4. The unit used to measure heat energy is the _________________. 5. Energy flows from sources to ____________. The amount of energy lost by a heat source _____________ the amount of energy gained by a heat sink. This is known as the Law of ___________________________________ This law operates only in a ___________________ system. READING-STUDY GUIDE 6- 5 Name: Date: Teacher: Unit 6: Meteorology Solar Energy and the Atmosphere (Text pg. 560) Conduction 1. Describe how energy is transferred by conduction. ___________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Convection 2. Describe how energy is transferred by convection. __________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere (UPCO pg 296 - 297) 3. What is the cause of convection currents? _________________ ________________________________________________ 4. Draw and label a picture of convection currents in the beaker drawn to the right. Notice where the heat source is located. (Use these terms: high temperature, low temperature, high density, low density) 5. Conduction is most efficient in solids. Based on what you know about the nature of a solid substance, explain why this statement is true. _________________________ _________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 6. Why can the Sun's energy travel through space? ______________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 7. In the drawing, label: Source Sinks Direction of heat flow 8. Does the drawing represent an open or closed energy system? ___________________ 9. In the example above, KE is transferred, so the average KE of the mug ___________ and the temperature _________________. atmosphere At the same time, the counter and ___________________ KE and the temperature _______________. Dynamic equilibrium will be reached when _______________________________ 10. All three methods of heat transfer occur in the example above. Explain each below, referring specifically to the example. a. conduction ______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ b. convection ______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ c. radiation ________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ READING-STUDY GUIDE 6- 6 Name: Date: Teacher: Unit 6: Meteorology Solar Energy and the Atmosphere (pg. 558 – 559) Variations in Temperature 1. Why is the warmest time of day in mid-afternoon instead of at noon? _______________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. List the factors that affect the temperature of the atmosphere. ____________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. The diagram below shows the sun’s rays shining on four locations on Earth’s surface. (A, B, C, D) a. Which locations are warmest? _____________ b. Which locations are coldest? ______________ 5. Explain why there is a difference between the temperatures of these locations. Answer in terms of the Sun’s rays. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 6. In your own words, explain why there are seasons on Earth. ____________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 7. Why does the amount of water vapor in the air affect temperature? _______________ __________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 8. Why do the temperatures in a desert vary so much between day and night? _________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 9. How does a large body of water affect the temperature of nearby land masses? _________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 10. Why is this true? ______________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ READING-STUDY GUIDE 6 - 7 Name: Date: Teacher: Unit 6: Meteorology Insolation and the Earth's Surface (UPCO pg 381 - 391) 1. What is meant by intensity of insolation? __________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. How is intensity of insolation related to the area of Earth's surface receiving it? _______ __________________________________________________________________ 3. Why does the vertical ray provide the greatest intensity of insolation? ______________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. The lower the angle of insolation, the ____________________ the intensity of insolation and the _______________________ the temperature 5. At what time of day is the intensity of insolation greatest? _______________________ When is it least? ____________________________________________________ 6. Where would an observer in the United States face to see the Sun? _______________ 7. What is relationship between latitude and intensity of insolation at the equinoxes? __________________________________________________________________ 8. What is meant by duration of insolation? ___________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 9. A body that gains the same amount of energy that it gives off is said to be in _______________________________________________________________ 10. What conditions must be true for Earth's temperature to rise? ___________________ __________________________________________________________________ What conditions would cause a drop in temperature? _______________________ __________________________________________________________________ 11. On what date does maximum radiative energy reach Earth? ____________________ At what time of day is intensity of insolation greatest? _______________________ 12. Explain why the hottest temperatures of the day occur later in the afternoon? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 13. Explain why the highest yearly temperatures occur in August. ___________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ READING-STUDY GUIDE 6 - 8 Name: Date: Teacher: Unit 6: Meteorology Characteristics of the Atmosphere (pg 550 - 551) Atmospheric Pressure 1. What is meant by air pressure? ___________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. In which direction is air pressure exerted?____________________________________ 3. As altitude increases, air pressure ___________________________. Explain why this is true._____________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. As temperature increases, air pressure _______________ . This is true because __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. The more humidity air contains, the ___________________ the air pressure. This is true because _______________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Measuring Atmospheric Pressure 6. What units are used to measure air pressure? ________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 7. Explain how a mercury barometer works. __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ 8. Explain how an aneroid barometer works. __________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 9. For what other purpose is an aneroid barometer useful? ________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 10. On a weather map, isobars are generally drawn at 4 mb. Intervals. The pressure gradient is the difference between atmospheric pressure over a given distance. In the diagram, one arrow represents a high-pressure gradient, and the other represents a low-pressure gradient. Label the arrows. READING-STUDY GUIDE 6 - 9 Name: Date: Teacher: Unit 6: Meteorology Atmospheric Circulation (pg 561 – 564) 1. Air moves from __________________ regions to _____________________ regions. 2. Draw an arrow indicating the wind direction in each drawing. A Which would be the stronger B wind? _____________ 3. Where do high-pressure regions form? _____________________________________ 4. Where do low-pressure regions form? _____________________________________ The Coriolis Effect 5. What causes the Coriolis Effect? ___________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ 6. The diagram on the right shows two points on Earth’s surface, A, and B. Using Figure 1, draw arrows showing how air would move south from point A, and north from point B. 7. Winds are deflected to the _________________ in the Northern Hemisphere and to the ______________ in the Southern Hemisphere. THINK ABOUT IT!! 8. You may have heard that the direction of water going down the drain is affected in the same way as winds. Based on the information in this section, do you think this is true? Explain your answer. ____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Local Winds (pg. 564) 9. Why is there a sharp temperature difference between a body of water and the shoreline during the day?______________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 10. During the afternoon a ______________________ develops. At night a _______________________ flows from the land to the sea. 11. Draw the air currents and name the wind blowing in each diagram. READING-STUDY GUIDE 6 - 10 Name: Date: Teacher: Unit 6: Meteorology Atmospheric Circulation (pg. 562 – 563) Global Winds 1. Complete the comparison table below: Trade Winds Westerlies Polar Easterlies Latitude Direction 2. Where did the trade winds get their name? __________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. Which wind belt affects the United States? ___________________________________ 4. Describe air movement in the doldrums. ____________________________________ 5. In the horse latitudes there is _________ pressure because air is ________________ 6. How do polar jet streams form? ___________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Planetary Convection Cells (UPCO pg. 322 - 323) 7. What causes convection cells in the atmosphere? _____________________________ __________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 8. In high-pressure regions, air is _____________________. Because air spreads out when it reaches Earth’s surface, high-pressure regions are known as ___________ __________________________________________________________________ The weather in these regions is ___________________ 9. In low-pressure regions, air comes together at Earth’s surface and ________________ Low-pressure regions are called ________________________________________ The weather in these regions is _______________________ 10. Use the diagram on page 322 to label the diagram below. READING-STUDY GUIDE 6 - 11 Name: Date: Teacher: Unit 6: Meteorology Atmospheric Moisture (pg. 575 – 580) Changing Forms of Water 1. In order for ice to change to liquid water, energy must be __________________. This causes the molecules to move more _________________ 2. What is latent heat? ____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. For each of the following phase changes, tell whether heat is absorbed or released, and tell the temperature at which the phase change occurs for water (o C): Condensation _________________ _______ Freezing _________________ _______ Vaporization _________________ _______ Melting _________________ _______ 4. What is sublimation? ________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Humidity 5. What is humidity? __________________________________________________ 6. Under what conditions is air said to be saturated? _____________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 7. The temperature at which the rate of condensation equals the rate of evaporation is called the ________________________ 8. Absolute humidity is the _______________________________________________ 9. What is relative humidity? _______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 10. Two ways that relative humidity can increase are: a. ____________________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________________ 11. Under what conditions is dew most likely to form? ____________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 12. How does frost form? __________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Measuring Humidity 13. In your own words, explain how a psychrometer works. _______________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ READING-STUDY GUIDE 6 – 12 Name: Date: Teacher: Unit 6: Meteorology Clouds and Fog (pg. 581 – 586) 1. What are clouds made of? ________________________________________________ 2. What is fog? __________________________________________________________ Cloud Formation 3. What are condensation nuclei? ___________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. In order for clouds to form, what conditions must exist? ________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Adiabatic Cooling 5. As a mass of air rises, the surrounding atmospheric pressure ___________________. As molecules move further apart there are fewer _________________________ and the temperature of the air _______________________. This is called ______________________________________ THINK ABOUT IT! 6. What happens to the temperature of sinking air? _____________________________ Why? _____________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 7. The rate at which the temperature of a parcel of air changes as the air rises or sinks is called the __________________________________ 8. What is meant by condensation level? _____________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Lifting 9. Describe an example of cloud formation by lifting. _____________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Classification of Clouds 10. Complete the comparison table below. Stratus Clouds Altitude Shape Cumulus Clouds Cirrus Clouds READING-STUDY GUIDE 6 – 13 Name: Date: Teacher: Unit 6: Meteorology Precipitation (pg 587 - 590) Forms of Precipitation 1. List and describe the four major types of precipitation. a. _______________________________________________________________ b. _______________________________________________________________ c. _______________________________________________________________ d. _______________________________________________________________ Causes of Precipitation 2. What must happen to a water droplet in order for it to fall as precipitation? ________________________________________________________________ 3. Coalescence is the __________________________________________________ 4. Supercooling occurs when ____________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Measuring Precipitation 5. Rainfall is measured with a __________________. A _________________________ is used to measure snow fall. 6. In your own words, describe how Doppler Radar can be used to measure the intensity of precipitation. ______________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Weather Modification 7. What is cloud seeding? _________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 8. Two substances used for cloud seeding are _________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ READING-STUDY GUIDE 6 – 14 Name: Date: Teacher: Unit 6: Meteorology Air Masses (pg. 601 – 604) 1. What causes wind patterns? ______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ How Air Moves 2. Air moves from areas of _____________________ to areas of ___________________ 3. Wind patterns are also influenced by the _______________________ Formation of Air Masses 4. What is an air mass? ___________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. The temperature and humidity of an air mass depend on _______________________ _________________________________________________________________ Types of Air Masses 6. All air masses are classified according to their ________________________________ 7. Dry air masses are called _________________________; moist air masses are called __________________________ 8. Cold air masses are __________________; warm air masses are _________________ North American Air Masses 9. Complete the chart below to describe the air masses affecting North America. (You may need your reference tables!) AIR MASS SYMBOL SOURCE MOVEMENT WEATHER CONTINENTAL POLAR CONTINENTAL TROPICAL CONTINENTAL ARCTIC MARITIME POLAR MARITIME TROPICAL THINK ABOUT IT! 10. How would temperature and humidity at a given location change when a maritime tropical air mass is replaced by a continental polar air mass? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ READING-STUDY GUIDE 6-15 Name: Date: Teacher: Unit 6: Meteorology Fronts (pg 605 - 607) 1. Why does a front form between two air masses? ______________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Types of Fronts 2. A cold front forms when _________________________________________________ 3. Draw the symbol for a cold front in the box to the right. 4. Describe the weather at a cold front. ________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. Draw a cold front in the box to the right. Label the warm air mass, the cold air mass, and squall line. Show the direction of air movement and cloud formation. 6. A warm front forms when ________________________________________________ 7. Draw the symbol for a warm front to the right. 8. Describe the weather at a warm front. _______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 9. Draw a warm front in the box to the right. Label the warm air mass and the cold air mass. Show the direction of air movement and cloud formation. 10. What is a stationary front? _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 11. Draw the symbol. 12. What is an occluded front? _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 13. Draw the symbol. Polar Fronts and Mid-latitude Cyclones 14. What are mid-latitude cyclones? __________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 15. In what direction do cyclones spin? _______________________________________ 16. What is an anticyclone? ________________________________________________ 17. In what direction do anticyclones spin? ____________________________________ 18. Describe the weather in an anticyclone. ____________________________________ READING-STUDY GUIDE 6-16 Name: Date: Teacher: Unit 6: Meteorology Fronts (pg. 698 – 610) Severe Weather 1. List and describe the stages of a thunderstorm. a. _______________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ b. _______________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ c. _______________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 2. What conditions must exist for lightning to occur? ______________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. Hurricanes differ from mid-latitude cyclones in three ways: a. ________________________________________________________________ b. ________________________________________________________________ c. ________________________________________________________________ 4. How do hurricanes form? ________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. Why is a storm surge so dangerous? _______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 6. How does a tornado form? _______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Severe Watches and Warnings. (pg. 619) 7. How is a watch different from a warning? __________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 8. Use your own words to complete the chart below. Preparation Thunderstorm Tornado Hurricane Blizzard Safety Measures