Download READING-STUDY GUIDE 6-1

READING-STUDY GUIDE 6-1
Name:
Date:
Teacher:
Unit 6: Meteorology
Weather Instruments (pg 611 - 614)
Measuring Lower-Atmospheric Conditions
1.
Complete the spider map below to list the instruments used to measure weather
variables.
Weather
Instruments
Measuring Upper-Atmospheric Conditions
2. What is a radiosonde, and what does it measure? _____________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. How is radar useful in determining weather conditions? _________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Forecasting the Weather (pg 615 - 620)
Weather Maps
4. Using Figure 2, your notes, and your reference
tables, describe fully ALL the weather conditions
recorded in this station model.
5. Use the circle on the right to draw a station model with the following information:
Temperature: 45oF
Dew Point: 41oF
Partly cloudy
Wind: 10 knots from the south
Barometric pressure: 997.5 mb
Pressure has fallen 2.1 mb in last 3 hours
Visibility: 3/4 mile
6. List the types of information given on a weather map. __________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
READING-STUDY GUIDE 6-2
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Teacher:
Unit 6: Meteorology
Study of the Atmosphere (UPCO pg 291-294)
Properties of Electromagnetic Energy
1. Radiation is energy that travels through space in the form of _____________________
2. How fast does this energy travel through space? ______________________________
3. Use your Reference Tables (or the chart on pg. 293) to answer the following
questions.
a. Which type of radiation has the greatest frequency? ______________________
b. Which type of radiation has the longest wavelength? _____________________
c. What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency of electromagnetic
radiation?
_______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. What can be inferred about a material that is a good absorber of electromagnetic
energy? __________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Energy Transformations (UPCO pg 301 - 302)
5. What is a closed energy system? ________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. State the principle of conservation of energy. ______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. In a system such as a ball thrown into the air, describe the relationship between
potential and kinetic energy. ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. When electromagnetic energy is absorbed, it is reradiated at a __________________
wavelength than the wavelength that was absorbed.
READING-STUDY GUIDE 6 - 3
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Unit 6: Meteorology
Solar Energy and the Atmosphere (pg. 556 – 558)
The Atmosphere and Solar Radiation
1. According to the diagram on pg. 556, how much of the solar energy reaching Earth's
atmosphere is absorbed at the surface? _________________
2. What happens to each of the following types of solar radiation when it interacts with
Earth's atmosphere?
a. Ultraviolet radiation ______________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
b. Infrared radiation ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
c. Visible light ____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. What characteristics of a surface determine whether solar energy is absorbed or
reflected? __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. According to Table 1 on pg. 557, which surface reflects the most solar radiation?
__________________________________________________________________
5. Which surface absorbed the most solar radiation? ____________________________
Absorption and Infrared Energy
6. Describe the changes in wavelength that occur when Earth's surface absorbs solar
radiation. _________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
7. How is the lower atmosphere heated? ______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. Complete the following: When soil absorbs __________________ light from the sun,
this energy is reradiated as _______________________ radiation.
9. Use the following terms to label the diagram on the right.:
Visible light absorbed
Infrared radiation reradiated
Infrared radiation trapped
10. How have humans intensified the greenhouse effect? ________________________
__________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
READING-STUDY GUIDE 6- 4
Name:
Date:
Teacher:
Unit 6: Meteorology
Heat and Temperature (UPCO pg 302 - 304)
1. Explain fully how Heat is different from Temperature __________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. What factor, other than temperature, affects the amount of heat in matter? __________
3. When energy flows between objects at different temperatures, it flows from the
____________ object to the ___________________ object. Energy will continue
to flow until _________________________________________________________
4. The unit used to measure heat energy is the _________________.
5. Energy flows from sources to ____________. The amount of energy lost by a heat
source _____________ the amount of energy gained by a heat sink. This is
known as the Law of ___________________________________
This law operates only in a ___________________ system.
READING-STUDY GUIDE 6- 5
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Unit 6: Meteorology
Solar Energy and the Atmosphere (Text pg. 560)
Conduction
1. Describe how energy is transferred by conduction. ___________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Convection
2. Describe how energy is transferred by convection. __________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere (UPCO pg 296 - 297)
3. What is the cause of convection currents? _________________
________________________________________________
4. Draw and label a picture of convection currents
in the beaker drawn to the right. Notice where the heat source
is located.
(Use these terms: high temperature, low
temperature, high density, low density)
5. Conduction is most efficient in solids. Based on what you know about the nature of a
solid substance, explain why this statement is true. _________________________
_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
6. Why can the Sun's energy travel through space? ______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. In the drawing, label:
Source
Sinks
Direction of heat flow
8. Does the drawing represent an open or closed
energy system? ___________________
9. In the example above, KE is transferred, so the average KE of the mug ___________
and the temperature _________________.
atmosphere
At the same time, the counter and
___________________ KE and the temperature _______________.
Dynamic equilibrium will be reached when _______________________________
10. All three methods of heat transfer occur in the example above. Explain each below,
referring specifically to the example.
a. conduction ______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
b. convection ______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
c. radiation ________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
READING-STUDY GUIDE 6- 6
Name:
Date:
Teacher:
Unit 6: Meteorology
Solar Energy and the Atmosphere (pg. 558 – 559)
Variations in Temperature
1. Why is the warmest time of day in mid-afternoon instead of at noon? _______________
__________________________________________________________________
2. List the factors that affect the temperature of the atmosphere. ____________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. The diagram below shows the sun’s rays shining on four locations on Earth’s surface.
(A, B, C, D)
a. Which locations are warmest? _____________
b. Which locations are coldest? ______________
5. Explain why there is a difference between the temperatures of these locations. Answer
in terms of the Sun’s rays.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. In your own words, explain why there are seasons on Earth. ____________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
7. Why does the amount of water vapor in the air affect temperature? _______________
__________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
8. Why do the temperatures in a desert vary so much between day and night?
_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
9. How does a large body of water affect the temperature of nearby land masses?
_________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
10. Why is this true? ______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
READING-STUDY GUIDE 6 - 7
Name:
Date:
Teacher:
Unit 6: Meteorology
Insolation and the Earth's Surface (UPCO pg 381 - 391)
1. What is meant by intensity of insolation? __________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. How is intensity of insolation related to the area of Earth's surface receiving it? _______
__________________________________________________________________
3. Why does the vertical ray provide the greatest intensity of insolation? ______________
__________________________________________________________________
4. The lower the angle of insolation, the ____________________ the intensity of
insolation and the _______________________ the temperature
5. At what time of day is the intensity of insolation greatest? _______________________
When is it least? ____________________________________________________
6. Where would an observer in the United States face to see the Sun? _______________
7. What is relationship between latitude and intensity of insolation at the equinoxes?
__________________________________________________________________
8. What is meant by duration of insolation? ___________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
9. A body that gains the same amount of energy that it gives off is said to be in
_______________________________________________________________
10. What conditions must be true for Earth's temperature to rise? ___________________
__________________________________________________________________
What conditions would cause a drop in temperature? _______________________
__________________________________________________________________
11. On what date does maximum radiative energy reach Earth? ____________________
At what time of day is intensity of insolation greatest? _______________________
12. Explain why the hottest temperatures of the day occur later in the afternoon?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
13. Explain why the highest yearly temperatures occur in August. ___________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
READING-STUDY GUIDE 6 - 8
Name:
Date:
Teacher:
Unit 6: Meteorology
Characteristics of the Atmosphere (pg 550 - 551)
Atmospheric Pressure
1. What is meant by air pressure? ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. In which direction is air pressure exerted?____________________________________
3. As altitude increases, air pressure ___________________________. Explain why this
is true._____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. As temperature increases, air pressure _______________ . This is true because
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. The more humidity air contains, the ___________________ the air pressure. This is
true because _______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Measuring Atmospheric Pressure
6. What units are used to measure air pressure? ________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. Explain how a mercury barometer works.
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
8. Explain how an aneroid barometer works. __________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
9. For what other purpose is an aneroid barometer useful? ________________________
__________________________________________________________________
10. On a weather map, isobars are
generally drawn at 4 mb. Intervals.
The pressure gradient is the
difference between atmospheric
pressure over a given distance.
In the diagram, one arrow
represents a high-pressure
gradient, and the other represents
a low-pressure gradient. Label
the arrows.
READING-STUDY GUIDE 6 - 9
Name:
Date:
Teacher:
Unit 6: Meteorology
Atmospheric Circulation (pg 561 – 564)
1. Air moves from __________________ regions to _____________________ regions.
2. Draw an arrow indicating the wind direction in each drawing.
A
Which would be the stronger
B
wind? _____________
3. Where do high-pressure regions form? _____________________________________
4. Where do low-pressure regions form? _____________________________________
The Coriolis Effect
5. What causes the Coriolis Effect? ___________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
6. The diagram on the right shows two points on Earth’s
surface, A, and B. Using Figure 1, draw arrows
showing how air would move south from point A, and
north from point B.
7. Winds are deflected to the _________________ in the Northern Hemisphere and to the
______________ in the Southern Hemisphere.
THINK ABOUT IT!!
8. You may have heard that the direction of water going down the drain is affected in the
same way as winds. Based on the information in this section, do you think this is
true? Explain your answer. ____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Local Winds (pg. 564)
9. Why is there a sharp temperature difference between a body of water and the shoreline
during the day?______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
10. During the afternoon a ______________________ develops. At night a
_______________________ flows from the land to the sea.
11. Draw the air currents and name the wind blowing in each diagram.
READING-STUDY GUIDE 6 - 10
Name:
Date:
Teacher:
Unit 6: Meteorology
Atmospheric Circulation (pg. 562 – 563)
Global Winds
1. Complete the comparison table below:
Trade Winds
Westerlies
Polar Easterlies
Latitude
Direction
2. Where did the trade winds get their name? __________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Which wind belt affects the United States? ___________________________________
4. Describe air movement in the doldrums. ____________________________________
5. In the horse latitudes there is _________ pressure because air is ________________
6. How do polar jet streams form? ___________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Planetary Convection Cells (UPCO pg. 322 - 323)
7. What causes convection cells in the atmosphere? _____________________________
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
8. In high-pressure regions, air is _____________________. Because air spreads out
when it reaches Earth’s surface, high-pressure regions are known as ___________
__________________________________________________________________
The weather in these regions is ___________________
9. In low-pressure regions, air comes together at Earth’s surface and ________________
Low-pressure regions are called ________________________________________
The weather in these regions is _______________________
10. Use the diagram on page 322 to label the diagram below.
READING-STUDY GUIDE 6 - 11
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Date:
Teacher:
Unit 6: Meteorology
Atmospheric Moisture (pg. 575 – 580)
Changing Forms of Water
1. In order for ice to change to liquid water, energy must be __________________. This
causes the molecules to move more _________________
2. What is latent heat? ____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. For each of the following phase changes, tell whether heat is absorbed or released,
and tell the temperature at which the phase change occurs for water (o C):
Condensation
_________________
_______
Freezing
_________________
_______
Vaporization
_________________
_______
Melting
_________________
_______
4. What is sublimation? ________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Humidity
5. What is humidity? __________________________________________________
6. Under what conditions is air said to be saturated? _____________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. The temperature at which the rate of condensation equals the rate of evaporation is
called the ________________________
8.
Absolute humidity is the _______________________________________________
9. What is relative humidity? _______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
10. Two ways that relative humidity can increase are:
a. ____________________________________________________
b. ____________________________________________________
11. Under what conditions is dew most likely to form? ____________________________
__________________________________________________________________
12. How does frost form? __________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Measuring Humidity
13. In your own words, explain how a psychrometer works. _______________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
READING-STUDY GUIDE 6 – 12
Name:
Date:
Teacher:
Unit 6: Meteorology
Clouds and Fog (pg. 581 – 586)
1. What are clouds made of? ________________________________________________
2. What is fog? __________________________________________________________
Cloud Formation
3. What are condensation nuclei? ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. In order for clouds to form, what conditions must exist? ________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Adiabatic Cooling
5. As a mass of air rises, the surrounding atmospheric pressure ___________________.
As molecules move further apart there are fewer _________________________
and the temperature of the air _______________________. This is called
______________________________________
THINK ABOUT IT!
6. What happens to the temperature of sinking air? _____________________________
Why? _____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. The rate at which the temperature of a parcel of air changes as the air rises or sinks is
called the __________________________________
8. What is meant by condensation level? _____________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Lifting
9. Describe an example of cloud formation by lifting. _____________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Classification of Clouds
10. Complete the comparison table below.
Stratus Clouds
Altitude
Shape
Cumulus Clouds
Cirrus Clouds
READING-STUDY GUIDE 6 – 13
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Date:
Teacher:
Unit 6: Meteorology
Precipitation (pg 587 - 590)
Forms of Precipitation
1. List and describe the four major types of precipitation.
a. _______________________________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________________________
c. _______________________________________________________________
d. _______________________________________________________________
Causes of Precipitation
2. What must happen to a water droplet in order for it to fall as precipitation?
________________________________________________________________
3. Coalescence is the __________________________________________________
4. Supercooling occurs when ____________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Measuring Precipitation
5. Rainfall is measured with a __________________. A _________________________
is used to measure snow fall.
6. In your own words, describe how Doppler Radar can be used to measure the intensity
of precipitation. ______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Weather Modification
7. What is cloud seeding? _________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. Two substances used for cloud seeding are _________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
READING-STUDY GUIDE 6 – 14
Name:
Date:
Teacher:
Unit 6: Meteorology
Air Masses (pg. 601 – 604)
1. What causes wind patterns? ______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
How Air Moves
2. Air moves from areas of _____________________ to areas of ___________________
3. Wind patterns are also influenced by the _______________________
Formation of Air Masses
4. What is an air mass? ___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. The temperature and humidity of an air mass depend on _______________________
_________________________________________________________________
Types of Air Masses
6. All air masses are classified according to their ________________________________
7. Dry air masses are called _________________________; moist air masses are called
__________________________
8. Cold air masses are __________________; warm air masses are _________________
North American Air Masses
9. Complete the chart below to describe the air masses affecting North America. (You
may need your reference tables!)
AIR MASS
SYMBOL
SOURCE
MOVEMENT
WEATHER
CONTINENTAL
POLAR
CONTINENTAL
TROPICAL
CONTINENTAL
ARCTIC
MARITIME
POLAR
MARITIME
TROPICAL
THINK ABOUT IT!
10. How would temperature and humidity at a given location change when a maritime
tropical air mass is replaced by a continental polar air mass?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
READING-STUDY GUIDE 6-15
Name:
Date:
Teacher:
Unit 6: Meteorology
Fronts (pg 605 - 607)
1. Why does a front form between two air masses? ______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Types of Fronts
2. A cold front forms when _________________________________________________
3. Draw the symbol for a cold front in the box to the right.
4. Describe the weather at a cold front. ________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. Draw a cold front in the box to the right.
Label the warm air mass, the cold
air mass, and squall line. Show the
direction of air movement and cloud
formation.
6. A warm front forms when ________________________________________________
7. Draw the symbol for a warm front to the right.
8. Describe the weather at a warm front. _______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
9. Draw a warm front in the box to the right.
Label the warm air mass and the cold
air mass. Show the direction of air
movement and cloud formation.
10. What is a stationary front? _____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
11. Draw the symbol.
12. What is an occluded front? _____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
13. Draw the symbol.
Polar Fronts and Mid-latitude Cyclones
14. What are mid-latitude cyclones? __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
15. In what direction do cyclones spin? _______________________________________
16. What is an anticyclone? ________________________________________________
17. In what direction do anticyclones spin? ____________________________________
18. Describe the weather in an anticyclone. ____________________________________
READING-STUDY GUIDE 6-16
Name:
Date:
Teacher:
Unit 6: Meteorology
Fronts (pg. 698 – 610)
Severe Weather
1. List and describe the stages of a thunderstorm.
a. _______________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
c. _______________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. What conditions must exist for lightning to occur? ______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Hurricanes differ from mid-latitude cyclones in three ways:
a. ________________________________________________________________
b. ________________________________________________________________
c. ________________________________________________________________
4. How do hurricanes form? ________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. Why is a storm surge so dangerous? _______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. How does a tornado form? _______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Severe Watches and Warnings. (pg. 619)
7. How is a watch different from a warning? __________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
8. Use your own words to complete the chart below.
Preparation
Thunderstorm
Tornado
Hurricane
Blizzard
Safety Measures