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Transcript
Grade 9 Academic Science – Chemistry 2013 Particle Theory Section 5.1 and Section 5.2 Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. NOTE: In the entire universe, anything can be classified as either matter or energy. The Particle Theory of Matter 1. Matter is made up of tiny particles: atoms and molecules 2. Particles of matter are in constant motion 3. Particles of matter are held together by very strong electrical forces 4. There are empty spaces between the particles of matter that are very large compared to the particles themselves. 5. Each substance has unique particles that are different from the particles of other substances 6. Temperature affects the speed of the particles. The higher the temperature, the faster the speed of the particles. The particle theory of matter explains the following scientific phenomena. 1. Pure substance are homogeneous (one phase - one unique kind of particle) 2. Physical Changes such as melting, evaporating, sublimating, dissolving, etc. 3. Physical Properties including density, viscosity, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, boiling point, melting point, etc. We are concerned mainly with the three primary states of matter: (1) solid, (2) liquid and (3) gas. Task Use your textbook to complete Table 1. Table 1. Physical Properties of Each State of Matter Property Solid Liquid Gas Shape Volume Ability to flow Can be compressed Volume change with heating Physical Properties A physical property is a characteristic of a substance that can be determined without changing the composition of the substance. They can be either qualitative (not measurable, descriptive) or quantitative (measurable such as mass) Table 2. Examples of Physical Properties Physical State Solid, liquid, gas Colour Green, blue, yellow, reddish-brown, etc Odour Odourless, spicy, nauseating, etc. Clarity Ability to let light through - clear, cloudy, opaque Lustre Shiny, dull Form Regular (crystalline), irregular (amorphous) Texture Fine, coarse, smooth, waxy, etc. Hardness Ability to be scratched easily…scale 1-10 (e.g., diamond – 10) Brittleness Ability to break apart / Shatter easily Malleability Ability to be folded into different shapes Ductility Ability to be stretched Viscosity Ability to flow or pour readily Electrical Conductivity Ability to allow electric current to pass through it