Download Study Guide for Final Exam ESL Class Summer School 2014 Mrs

Study Guide for Final Exam
ESL Class Summer School 2014
Mrs. Soto
The final exam will be multiple-choice. It will include a total of 50 questions covering the following grammatical points:
I. Subject Pronouns
VII. Adjectives
II. Action Verbs and Verb Tenses
VIII.
Adverbs
III. The verbs Have, Be and Do
IX. Indefinite Pronouns
IV. Object Pronouns
X. Vary your Sentences
V. Possessive Adjectives and Possessive Pronouns
XI. Compound Sentences
VI. Prepositions
XII. Complex Sentences
Notes:
I.
Subject Pronouns:
A subject pronoun is used to replace the subject of a sentence.
Use I when you talk about yourself.
Use you when you talk to another person.
Use he when you talk about one man or one boy.
Use she when you talk about one woman or one girl.
Use it when you talk about one place or thing.
Use we to talk about yourself and another person.
Use you to talk to one or more persons.
Use they to talk about more than one person or thing.
II. Action Verbs and Verb Tenses:
An action verb tells what the subject of a sentence does. Some action verbs tell about an action that you cannot
see. An action verb can have a helping verb and a main verb. The helping verbs can, could, may, might or could
come before the main verb. Make sure the action verb agrees with its subject.
The tense of a verb tells when the action happens.
Use the present tense to talk what the subject does now or does often.
Add –s to the action verb only when you talk about one other person, one place, or one thing.
Add –es to the action verb only when it ends in sh, ch, ss, s, x, or z
Use the past tense to show an action that already happened.
Past tense verbs often end in –ed. Sometimes you have to change the spelling of the verb before you
can add -ed: if a verb ends in silent e, drop the e. Then add –ed. Some one-syllable verbs end in one
vowel and one consonant. Double the consonant before you add -ed
Some irregular verbs have only one special form to show past tense:
The verb go: went
The verb write: wrote
The verb get: got
The verb run: ran
The verb meet: met
The verb sit: sat
The verb take: took
The verb say: said
The verb tell: told
The verb feel: felt
The verb eat: ate
The verb tell: told
The verb see: saw
The verb know: knew
Use the future tense to tell about an action that has not happened yet.
Use will before the main verb to tell about the future.
III. The verbs Have, Be, and Do:
The verb Have has two forms in the present tense:
The verb Have has only one form in the past tense:
Have (I, we, you, or they)
Had
Has (he, she, or it)
The verb Be has three forms in the present tense:
The verb Be has two forms in the past tense:
Am (I)
Is (he, she, or it)
Was (I, he, she or it)
Are (we, you, or they)
Were (you, we, or they)
The verb Do has two forms in the present tense:
The verb Do has only one form in the past tense:
Do (I, we, you, or they)
Did
Does (he, she or it)
IV. Object Pronouns
Object pronouns are used to replace the object of a sentence.
The object pronouns are: me, you, him, her, it, us, and them.
V. Possessive Adjectives and Possessive Pronouns
Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns are used to show who owns something.
Possessive adjectives (my, your, his, her, its, our, and their) always come before a noun.
Possessive pronouns (mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, and theirs) can replace a possessive adjective and a
noun.
VI. Prepositions
Prepositions show how things relate.
Some prepositions show location: on, at, in, under, below, next to, beside, behind, above, over
Some prepositions show direction: up, down, through, across, into, to
Some prepositions show time: at, in, on, from, about, to
Some prepositions connect ideas in a phrase: from, of, with, for
VII. Adjectives
Adjectives are describing words. Use adjectives to elaborate or tell more about people, places, things, ideas, and
feelings. Some adjectives describe the way someone or something looks, sounds, smells, tastes, or feels.
You use comparative adjectives to compare two people, places, or things. There are two ways to turn an
adjective into a comparative adjective:
If the adjective is short, add –er. If it ends in y, change the y to i before you add –er.
If the adjective is long, use more before the adjective.
You use superlative adjectives to compare three or more people, places, or things. To turn an adjective into a
superlative adjective:
Add –est to a short adjective
Use most before a long adjective.
A few adjectives that compare have special forms:
To describe one thing use:
good
bad
many
To compare 2 things use:
better
worse
more
To compare 3 or more things use:
best
worst
most
Use indefinite adjectives (much, many, a lot, some, several) when you are not sure about the exact number or
amount of something.
Much and many can be tricky. Use much for nouns that can’t be counted and many for nouns that can
be counted.
VIII.
Adverbs
An adverb is a describing word. Adverbs often end in –ly. Adverbs can tell how, when, or where.
An adverb can describe a verb.
An adverb can describe an adjective.
An adverb can describe another adverb.
Some adverbs compare actions:
use more or –er to compare two actions.
use most or –est to compare three or more actions.
IX. Indefinite Pronouns
Use indefinite pronouns when you are not talking about specific persons, places, or things. The verb you use
depends on the indefinite pronoun.
The singular indefinite pronouns are: another, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody, everyone,
everything, neither, nobody, someone, somebody, something, no one, and nothing.
The plural indefinite pronouns are: both, few, many, and several.
Some indefinite pronouns can be both, singular or plural. Those are: all, any, most, none, and some.
X. Vary your Sentences
When you vary your sentences, you make them different from each other and your writing is more interesting.
To vary your sentences, you can:
Use there is and there are,
Include a question or an exclamation in a group of statements.
XI. Compound Sentences
A phrase is a group or words that function together. One sentence often has several phrases. A phrase never has
both, a subject and a verb, so it does not express a complete thought.
A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a verb. Some clauses are complete sentences.
A compound sentence has two clauses that are complete sentences joined by a conjunction. The words and,
but, and or are conjunctions.
Use and to join two ideas that are alike.
Use but to join two ideas that are different.
Use or to show a choice between two ideas.
Use a comma (,) before a conjunction.
XII. Complex Sentences
A complex sentence has one independent or main clause and at least one dependent clause.
An independent clause expresses a complete idea. It can stand alone as a sentence.
A dependent clause does not express a complete idea. It needs the main clause to make sense.
The first word in a dependent clause is a subordinating conjunction. It helps show how the two parts of a
sentence are related.
Some subordinating conjunctions tell why: because, and since.
Some subordinating conjunctions tell when an action happens: when, after, and before.
Some subordinating conjunctions such as although and unless have different meanings:
Use although to make a contrast between two ideas.
Use unless to tell about a condition.