Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Introduction to A and P Outline
Document related concepts
Transcript
1 - Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology Introduction All living organisms share the following characteristics: • Responsiveness • Movement • Growth • Metabolism • Reproduction Anatomy & Physiology Sciences Anatomists study: • Internal and external structure • Physical relationships among body parts Physiologists study: • How organisms perform vital functions Gross anatomy • “Naked eye” anatomy • Regional anatomy • Surface anatomy • Sectional anatomy Microscopic anatomy • Cytology: study of individual cells • Histology: study of tissues Anatomy & Physiology Sciences Human physiology: Study of human body function • Cell physiology • System physiology • Special physiology • Pathological physiology Levels of Organization Life is built on successive levels of increasing complexity: • Chemical (or Molecular) • Organ • Cellular • Organ System • Tissue • Organism Overview of Organ Systems The human body is arranged in 11 organ systems: • Integumentary • Endocrine • Digestive • Skeletal • Cardiovascular • Urinary • Muscular • Lymphatic • Reproductive • Nervous • Respiratory Key Note The body can be divided into 11 organ systems, but all work together and the boundaries between them aren’t absolute. Homeostatic Regulation Homeostasis • Maintains stable internal conditions • Temperature • Ionic concentrations • Blood sugar levels, etc. • Utilizes negative feedback mechanisms Regulation depends on: • Receptor sensitive to a particular stimulus • Effector that affects the same stimulus Negative Feedback: • Variation outside normal limits triggers automatic corrective response • Response negates disturbance Homeostasis and Disease • Failure of homeostatic regulation • Symptoms appear • Organ system malfunction Homeostatic Regulation Key Note Physiological systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment. They monitor and adjust internal conditions. The Language of Anatomy Surface Anatomy • Anatomical Position • Supine: Face up • Hands at side • Prone: Face down • Palms forward • Feet together Anatomical Regions • Two methods to map abdominal and pelvic regions • Four abdominopelvic quadrants • Nine abdominopelvic regions A few anatomical directions: • Anterior (= ventral) • Lateral • Posterior (= dorsal) • Medial • Superior • Proximal • Inferior • Distal Sectional Anatomy: Planes and Sections • Frontal section • Transverse plane • Transverse section • Sagittal plane • Sagittal section • Frontal plane Ventral body cavity • Protects delicate organs • Permits organ growth and movement • Surrounds: • Respiratory • Urinary • Cardiovascular • Reproductive organs • Digestive Diaphragm subdivides ventral cavity: • Abdominal cavity • Thoracic cavity • Pelvic cavity • Pleural cavities (R and L) • Peritoneal membrane • Pericardial cavity • Abdominopelvic cavity Key Note Anatomical descriptions refer to an individual in the anatomical position: standing, with the hands at the sides, palms facing forward, and feet together.
