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Unit 6 The French Revolution and Napoleon Objectives: 1. To understand the causes of the French Revolution 2. To be able to trace the stages of the French Revolution 3 .To understand the rise of Napoleon and the changes that he brought to France and Europe _________________________________ Needs – Documents – revolution Art – Flight of the King – VHS on French Revolution- Executioner book- skit readings for Safety committee- topic of explain how to stop the revolution without war or blood 1789-1799 The French Revolution was the first effective and successful challenge of monarchies on the continent it gave rise to popular sovereignty and nationalism. Not only would it radically change France but also it would have a ripple change affect on all European Monarchies, as reforms would be put in place as a result of the French. For France it would be a break and a solution to the old ways and usher in a modern government and society a complete break from the past. At the time of the Revolution France was ruled by an absolute monarchy (always attempted despotism) Louis XVI in his 20’s did not like ruling liked being rich-hunting-dancing-and taking apart watches and clocks married to Marie-Antoinette 1755-1793 an “Austrian Whore” as French nobility and commoner referred to her. She hated France and her Husband and had numerous affairs. Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II was her brother. The Old Regime Crumbles and Long term causes of the revolution Louis XVI would be forced to call The Estates General something that had not been called in over 150 years- a declining economy – coupled with economic privilege for the nobles and clergy (leaving the cost to the poor) –a literate population influenced by the writings of the Enlightenment – and social unrest forced the King to give into public opinion and demand. For the nobility the poor and rising bourgeoisie wee out of control and had to be appeased rather than punished for fear of violence. The old nobility was enraged at he Nuevo-Rich from 1774-1789 the king to collect money sold titles of nobility and positions in the government to 2,500 families– all of which became exempt from taxes. By 1789 there were 50,000 tax-exempt offices. This caused a power shift in the ranks of the nobles it went from sword to robe. Rising prices on all goods from 17701780 and a series of bad harvests 1775 1787 1788 dramatically affected the living conditions of the poor masses whose population was doubling with birth rates. Landlords and nobles raised rent and took back the common lands for themselves leaving the poor with very little to farm and raise livestock. Financial Crisis the Short term cause For more than a century France had been in a financial draining state of war with Britain and Europe as well as funding the later half of the American Revolution which defaulted on its loan and became economically tied to the British. 75% of the monarchies budget went to funding the Army, Navy and the debt from 3 previous wars. Taxes were not effectively collected – peasants by law could only be taxed so much and nobles and clergy and their lands were exempt from taxation. Jacques-Necker 1732-1804 Swiss Protestant Banker and Financial minister to Louis XVI hated by Marie and Nobles. Was able to secure loans for the crown by his financial reports on the crown that showed more money was coming in than was being spent however in1781 this was not enough and banks and nations refused credit to the French Monarchy. Necker warned Louis XVI that he was living beyond the means of the crown Marie hated him for this. He told the crown that unless they did financial reforms and recommended taxing the nobles and clergy creditors would not be loaning any money to France. Necker was fired at Marie’s request. Charles-Alexandre de Calonne 17341802 replaced Necker – he simple pleased Marie and spent more money and put he country deeper in debt as creditors pounded on the palace doors. The parliaments distrusted Calonne and believed he would soon ax the land. Calonne to avoid parliament convinced the king to call an Assembly of Notables handpicked individuals from the three estates who would push through land taxes on everyone – They did the opposite and did not support this concept as it would equalize and upset the social structure of France. April 8 1788 Nobles forced the king to fire Calonne and replace him with EtienneCharles de Lomenie de Brienne the archbishop of Toulouse. He tried to convince the parliaments that corruption and overspending by the crown was under control and that taxes need to be raised. The Parliaments of France would not listen. The assembly of Notables considered taxes if the Ling would agree to call the Estates General at regular times. (1614 was the last). Louis to control this needed to reduce noble privileges by their choice so as not to appear to be a despot and he needed to gain public trust. He did not want to give up power either real or perceived. First Stage of Revolution The noble revolt started the French Revolution – The Paris Parliament and the provincial parliaments protested the king’s new taxes – and demanded that the Estates General be called (last one 1614) This was not a revolt against the monarchy but rather a revolt against attempted despotic rule by the monarch – and his abuses of power. Brienne was forced to withdraw the taxes on new lands and the stamp tax but the income tax would remain. Paper money would now be used backed only by royal decree to pay the nations debts. The Duke of Orleans (Kings Cousin) challenged Louis XVI that this too was illegal – the King simply crossed the line into despotism by claiming his will is the law. 1788 Louis XVI arrested two of the most outspoken members of the Parliament of Paris and disbanded the parliaments again in their place he put provincial courts controlled by the crown. – The Assembly Clergy then protested this act followed by riots in Grenoble. On Aug 8th 1788 Louis was forced to call The Estates General and reappoint Necker. This was the first act of the French Revolution begun by the nobles and it unified public opinion against the Crown. Voting now became an issue The Estates General was mad up of members of the three estates – Clergy, Nobility –who were against any reforms and the peasants who wanted reforms – Would the assembly vote by Estates 1 vote per estate which would guarantee clergy and noble victory or would it be a vote of 1 vote per member which would give he peasants the victory. On Sept 25 the parliament of Paris voted it would be by Estate 3 votes total. This would unify and enrage the peasants and multiple writers began to write for the Third Estate, One group of “old Money” nobles The Group of Thirty (included the Marquis de Lafayette) supported better representation for the third estate. Make up of the Estates General 2/3rds of the first estate (clergy) were parish priests who hated the privileges of the Bishops. ½ of the nobles to the second estate were liberal and open to change. 2/3rds of the third estates were lawyers. Dec. 1788 the king doubled the number of the third estate hoping to gain their support but held to the 1 vote per estate He also asked for a list of Grievances that would be discussed at the meetings. These were wide spread grievances from sheep breath to political reform. January 1789 Father Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes (peasant priest) became a spokesman for the third estate when he posted three questions to the peasants – What is the third estate? Everything – What has it been heretofore in the political order? Nothing – What does it demand? To become something therein. May 5th 1789 1,200 members met 600 were of the third estate. The king met with the 1st and 2nd estates all day then spoke at the 3rd – Sieyes then called the Third Estate its new title – The National Assembly. This new title now gave the third estate the self proclaimed sovereignty of the nation and authority over the crown. June 20 1789 – the king orders the rooms in which the third estate meets to be “locked for repair” President JeanSylvain then had them meet in the Tennis Court – and had the third estate take the Tennis Court Oath - a promise not to disband until the monarch and France were brought under a Constitution. The King said this was invalid and not recognized by the Crown. June 22 1789 Necker fired again – but public pressure by the nobles and clergy did not allow it and several nobles and clergy left the 1st and 2nd Estates and joined the peasants in the 3rd. June 23 1789 Louis XVI announced reforms – The Estates General would be called on a regular basis – abolish the tax on land – abolish the labor tax – eliminate internal tariffs and allow The Estates General to vote by head count on all maters not of tradition. – It was too little to late for the now radical third estate. June 27 1789 The king dissolved the 1st and 2nd estates and ordered all nobles and clergy into the 3rd estate and he renamed it The National Constituent Assembly July 1789 – food shortage – resulted in the bulk of the population believing that the nobility and “hoarders” were causing it – and the Crown moved an Army around Versailles. On July 11 Louis XVI again fired Necker. This resulted in massive attacks in Paris against the custom gates at the entrance of the city and the seizure of a military hospital for weapons and on July 14 1789 thousands of “san Culottes” artisans, tradesmen and wage earners stormed the Bastille, more symbolic than strategic. Was a royal prison but by 1789 held only 9 people 200 attackers were killed and the captain of the guard head was cut off and paraded through the streets of Paris. Louis removed part of the Army as he was not sure who was loyal and was forced to recognize a new government of Paris led by Bailly. The city controlled a National Guard lead by Lafayette and the Tri Color Flag was flown in place of the royal imperial flag. Louis came to Paris in the Red White and Blue colors recognizing the flag of rebellion. Peasant Revolt July 19-Aug for The rumors of noble and hoarder conspiracy caused the masses throughout France to attack nobles and large farms believe food was being kept from them in order to stare out the revolution. Townspeople throughout France took to arms to protect their towns and to raid government food stores. Lawyers and merchants lead the riots and gained a power they had no recently enjoyed – leadership and a roll in politics of the time. To end the violence and to keep control of the people and prevent the monarchy from trying to use force the National Assembly met on Aug 4th and dissolved the concept of feudalism and servitude by the peasants. In one night the Assembly striped the nobility of a century of lifestyle. Nobles could no longer force work – or punish the peasants on their land. They further opened all hunting grounds to all people of France, and guaranteed the right to freedom of religion. Nobles were not compensated and had to privileges left. This was the beginning of the End of the OLD REGIME. This destroyed absolutism in France and redifind the relationship between King and People. THE NEW REGIME Drawing from the American Revolution, Thomas Jefferson and the Declaration of Independence, the assembly created the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (a major human rights accomplishment) on Aug. 26th 1789 – all people were to be equal before the law. French people were now members of a nation not a social class and mobility was based on citizenship. This allowed the assembly to begin to create a new form of government –but it allowed the talented intellectual to stay in power. Wealth became power not blood lines or birth. This document also only called for the rights of Man not Women – thus indirectly spawning the women’s movement in France. The Estates General became the National assembly but Louis XVI still held the power to approve the Assembly’s actions and proposals of law. It also made the Catholic Church a national church thus making all of the Church property part of the government and forced the clergy to swear allegiance to the government and ended tithe payments to the church, and auctioned off church land for peasant use. The Constitution of the French Clergy denounced by the pope those priests who did not take the oath could not hold services or give sacraments. Next was to create a Constitution. The Baker, the Baker’s wife and the Bakers little boy – (Louis XVI Marie and Louis XVII- responsible to provide bread) Marie Antoinette hated France and the people of Paris and thought her husband to be a weak monarch. Her comments and action brought a mob to Versailles Government reform that the King did not like – the writing of Jean Paul Marat and a bread shortage coupled with inflation caused 10,000 women to march on Versailles hoping to convince the king to change. Oct 5th 1789 the King and Queen were forced to move to Paris and become prisoners of Paris. Paris was becoming radical and dangerous for the royalty. The Constitution of 1791 Created a constitutional monarchy but power still lay in the hands of the privileged wealthy class as tax paying determined govt. position. This was attacked by Marat and Georges Jacques Danton Under this National assembly religious freedom was granted to Jews and Protestants. Free trade was guaranteed by ending guilds and unions and it outlawed slavery in France but not its colonies, which would lead to Toussaint L ‘Overture’s revolt in Hispania. In Sept. 1792 The National Assembly was replaced by the National Convention, which abolished slavery in the colonies. This made Haiti a free black state. 1791 Olympia Gouges – approached the assembly for women’s rights. 1. the right to an education 2. Control property within a marriage 3. Initiate divorce. She did not demand full political rights. The revolution splinters in 1791 – over 5000 political clubs were formed including Royalists – militant Catholics – the Jacobins – the Cordeliers – Women Club of Knitters and what would become the largest and most effective in the revolution the Sans-culottes (the people) supporters of the revolution. Their symbol became the Phrygian cap everyone was addressed as citizen The Kings Flight to Varennes Marie despising the revolution and the actions of her perceived weak husband convinced the King to flee to Austria and the aide of her brother King Leopold II in June 1791 they were stopped in the border city of Varennes by a soldier who recognized Louis from a coin in his pocket. Radical groups returned the family to Paris under guard and demanded the formation fo a republic the assembly feared a civil war and declared martial law in Paris. The National Guard of Paris was commanded by Lafayette (American Revolution Washington’s friend). Louis XVI was forced to accept a New Constitution on Sept 14 1791. Europe’s Response This caused Prussia and Austria to grow militarily concerned and demanded that the French King be “re-throned” This caused a war between the French Republic and Austria and Prussia as the Republic called for an end to all monarchies in Europe. This caused Prussia and Austria to put aside competition for control of central Europe – caused Austria to ignore it’s internal problems with Hungary that wanted freedoms within the Austrian Empire – caused Britain to focus on Europe and make an alliance with Russia. In England it caused arguments in Parliament Edmund Burke attacked the Revolution as Thomas Paine supported it. Mary Wollstonecraft wrote the Vindication of the Rights of Women first book to demand women’s rights in England (mother of Mary Shelly) – the threat of a French Invasion on England to spread the revolution strengthened English Nationalism. Radical Phase the Jacobins Danton, Marat, and a lawyer Maximilien Robespierre would lead France into the most radical and bloody part of the Revolution and open the door for Napoleon Bonaparte. Robespierre demanded that the enemies within France be dealt with first before the enemies outside of France be warred upon. He lost this argument as General Charles Francois Dumouriez declared war on Austria. Which lead to a war with Prussia. It was a disaster for the French Army. The Second Revolution Defeat – Inflation – no bread – and suspicions of catholic and royal sympathizers in France lead to the end of the monarchy. July 11 1792 the Assembly declared a state of emergency for France and the Republic the Marseillaise became the national anthem. Brunswick Manifesto passed by Prussia and Austria to guarantee the safety of the French royal family. The Commune of Paris took control of the local government and called for the death of the king – the Royal family fled to the Legislative Assembly, which placed them under arrest. Sept 2nd Prussia invaded and captured Verdun. Fear gripped Paris and the Paris crowds executed 1200 suspected royalist. The Prussian Army was stopped outside of Paris by an Army of Sans-Culottes and the National Convention was formed by universal male suffrage in Paris. By Dec 1792 France took over Austrian Netherlands and granted them the rights of the revolution. Britain and the Dutch republic saw this as a threat and in Feb 1793 found themselves at war with France. The First Coalition against France – Britain- Dutch republic-Spain – and the Kingdoms of Sardinia and Naples Letters from Louis XVI to Leopold II were discovered and the King was placed on trial for treason the Convention sentenced him to death. January 21st 1793 Louis XVI was guillotined. The Girondins and the Jacobins sought power in Paris. The difference the Girondins believed the Revolution had gone far enough and needed to end the Jacobins backed by the Sans-culottes believed it was just starting. General Dumouriez betrayed the revolution by threatening to march on Paris and place Louis XVII on the throne – forced to flee to Austria. Jacobins “ If you are not wit the Revolution then you must be against it” Counter Revolution March 1793 – heavy Catholic areas of France began to turn on the Revolution known as the Vendee’ In Aug.1793 the Govt. declared mass conscription which also met with heavy resistance to the revolution. Terror The Jacobins centralized and controlled the Govt. of France lead by Robespierre (the Incorruptible) they instituted the Terror against anyone thought to be counter revolutionary – all were subject to trial by the Committee of Public Safety under the Jacobins the state economy was controlled by govt. Girondins wanted free market and became a target for the terror. Marat was stabbed to death in the bathtub by Charlotte Corday. Sept of 1793 Say the Guillotine in full use Olympe de Gouges and most of the Girondins as well as Marie Antoinette lost their heads. In Oct a new calander was created for France Day 1 Year one of the French Republic. In Year 2 France did away with religion they dechristianized France. The terror claimed 11-18,000 lives imprisoned 300,000 thousands more were killed in the Vendee area of France. June 1794 The French Armies are successful on the battle fields of Europe and are securing French borders. Committee of Public Safety turned on itself and Robespierre ordered Danton to be executed. The Jacobins hen turned on anyone who might be against the Jacobins – The Revolution began to eat itself- out of fear a Directory was created with in the Jacobins but was instable and while they would gain power it would be short lived as Abbe Sieyes and Napoleon Bonaparte would overthrow it. The Thermidor – the Revolutionary tribunal of Paris sent 1376 people to the guillotine in June. Paris had had enough On July 27th 1794 (9th of Thermidor new calendar) Robespierre was arrested and executed followed by a hundred of his closest supporters -without trial and the Terror was over. By Nov. it was against the law to be a Jacobin. 1795 The Thermidorian govt. created a new constitution and a bicameral govt. A legislative body and the directory Inside these two bodies were the Council of Ancients and the Council of 500 who elected the 5 directors of the Directory. Instability and gap between the rich and poor widened paper money printed in the revolution became worthless. In June Louis XVII was killed in prison. Peace was achieved with Prussia. In Oct royalist supporters attempted to overthrow the Govt. and were put down by Napoleon. Who was then given command of the Army in Italy as a new Constitution was written in 1795. Napoleon signed the Treaty of Campo Formio giving France control of Italy. May 1798 Napoleon invaded Egypt and a 2nd coalition formed to defeat the Army of France. Russia Austria and Britain. The Irish rebellion in Britain helped to save the French Army I Europe as it was starting to loose against the 2nd coalition. Nov 9th 1799 Sieyes and Napoleon overthrew the directory based on a perceived Jacobin threat his brother Lucien paved the way for napoleon to be successful. The French Revolution - helped shape the modern world - abolition of feudalism - end of clergy privilege - centralized govt. - spread of the concept of Nationalism – result of French invasions. From Long live the King to Nationalism – the French and the American Revolution set the stage for the development of independent competitive nation states each with its own sense of righteousness and believed destiny THE BEAST –Napoleon Bonaparte A brilliant General and Statesman terrible at Economics and Naval Warfare. He changed the ways in which wars were fought and how rank was achieved. He understood war. He was almost British – Born on the island of Corsica his father was part of a rebellion, which freed Corsica prior to French occupation and most of the rebellious leaders fled to England the Bonapartes stayed. The Conquest and Road to Empire 1793 Napoleon saved the port of Toulon from being taken by the British thus launching his military career. Oct 6th 1795 he married Josephine de Beauharnais. 1796 The Directory made him commander of the Army. 1798 He took 35,000 soldiers and scientists and historians to invade Egypt called it a “civilizing mission” He found the Rosetta Stone and laid the groundwork for Egyptology. He captured Malta and defeated the Egyptian Army at the Battle of the Pyramids – His fleet was destroyed by British Admiral Lord Nelson at the Battle of the Nile. His supply was cut off so he invaded Syria and destroyed several Turkish villages before returning to France. Nov 9th 1799 Napoleon, his Brother and Sieyes overthrew the Directory creating a Govt. called the Consulate with a new constitution that napoleon helped write as First Consul (by plebiscite) Under the Consul Napoleon sought to expand the French empire and influence in Europe and stayed in a constant state of war with Austria, Prussia, Russia and Britain. All of which were driven into loose alliances to contain and defeat Napoleon. As first Consul Napoleon centralized government power by appointing prefects to control each of France’s districts (states) and he brought the Catholic Church under government control. 1799 Pope Pius VI died (hated the revolution) Pope Pius VII worked with Napoleon and by 1801 Catholicism was the religion of the majority of the citizens. The Pope had no control in France. The Church became a political instrument of Napoleon – Catholic doctrine had to be approved by him before it could be read in church and govt. doctrine had to be read in church by priests. And the church was on the govt. payroll. (a turn from the past influence of church over state in Europe – Enlightenment) He needed Religion to control the people and establish morals as well as keep the poor in check by simply using “Gods Will” Also it was political as it the Monarchist wanted the church back in power Napoleon simply cut that off by allowing the church back into France. Protestants and Jews were granted rights as well. 1802 he became Consul For Life (by plebiscite) Haiti 1802 at the request of French Sugar Planters Napoleon returned the Island to French control and reinstated slavery in all French colonies. He sent French troops and captured L’Ouverture and brought him to France rebellion ensued and the British cut off The French from the island the troops on the island died from disease and in 1804 granted Haiti its independence. To recoup the loss of Haiti and to help finance his European wars in 1803 Napoleon sold Louisiana to the Americans 1804 (by plebiscite) He was crowned Emperor (by himself) he did not allow the Pope to crown him (Pius VII) 1805 Third Coalition against France Britain, Russia, Austria. Wanting to invade England the French fleet was defeated at the battle of Trafalgar (Lord Nelson was killed winning the battle) Far more successful with his Army he defeated the Austrians at ULM and later the Austrians and Russians at Austerlitz. Austria made peace by giving up most of its Italian territories. This battle also kept Prussia from joining the coalition against France. 1806 Napoleon created the Confederation of the Rhine 16 German states not including Prussia. (Eventually help lead to German unification under Prussia) This was done to destroy what was left of the Holy Roman Empire. He then attacked Prussia (Fredrick William) at Jena and captured Berlin (Prussian Capitol) 1807 he attacked the Russians in Poland and won and met with Tsar Alexander I to discuss peace Treaty of Tilsit Napoleon created from the Prussian state the Kingdom of Westphalia and the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and made an alliance with the kingdom of Saxony. He made a loose alliance with Russia allowing it to take fight the Ottomans with French help and Russia cut off trade routes to the British. 1809 back to war with Austria and Napoleon captures Vienna (Hapsburg capitol) also took control of the Papal States and arrested the Pope (Pius VII) Europe was now at peace with Napoleon only England stood against Napoleon. The Empire – An enlightened absolute ruler - Napoleons conquests brought a change to politics, society and warfare in Europe. Where France went new governments were created all centralized and all with a strong central legal system social mobility was based on service to the state not an old bloodline. He established a national Bank of France and got ride of Revolution currency (much like Alexander Hamilton in post American revolution) He created a tax base and tax system for France Created Public School to promote secular education, which promoted nationalism. 1808 Public Universities were created Civil Code of 1804 became the Napoleonic Code – 2000 articles granting freedom of religion and equality before the law. Penal Code 1810- Freedom to work – workers had to answer to employers not unions or guilds. Women and children remained subordinate to men patriarchal societywomen could not buy property or business without husband approval and money was left to sons not wives. Divorce was legal but hard to obtain. He ended the rights of the eldest son to inherit – and this slowed the birthrate in France. 1804 he created the Legion of Honor an ornate cross given to those who did well at public service (control feel good trophy that people wanted) and he restored royal titles (that really meant nothing and held no true weight in society outside of a feel good trophy). Britain – his mortal enemy – to bring Britain to its knees Napoleon created the Continental System – it closed Europe to British trade (hard to enforce but did keep the Industrial Revolution out of Europe and allowed England to economically and technologically surpass Europe) England created the Orders of Council which required all trade ships to register with England and be subject to British search – This upset the U.S. who was trading with both England and France (lead to impressments and the war of 1812) Napoleon responded with the Milan Decree right to seize any ship that traded with England lead to quasi war with France and U.S 1808-1813 the Peninsular War with Britain. Napoleon want Portugal already had parts of Spain under Charles IV until is death and succession by Ferdinand VII who was replaced by Joseph Bonaparte Napoleon’s brother as King of Spain. Spanish nobles, Catholic Church, Portuguese and the British now warred with Napoleon. British lead by Arthur Wesley the Duke of Wellington who won massive victories in Spain. Nationalism becomes a double edge sword. As France conquered Europe and the ideas of the French Revolution went with it – it unified the peoples of conquered Europe against the tyrant rule of France. Napoleons ideas encouraged nationalism to form in the conquered territories and would lead to a unified German and Italy and the end of the Austrian Empire Prussia adopted Napoleon politics and tactics it got rid of serfdom promoted education and allowed peasants to own land and become officers in the military based on merit. Decline of the French Empire Napoleon needed an heir to his throne annulled the marriage with Josephine wanted to marry the Tsar of Russia daughter (refused) Married MaryLouise daughter of the Austrian Emperor Francis I who gave him a son “Boots” Russia – reopened trade with Britain after the marriage to Mary-Louise. Napoleon forced an alliance with Prussia and Austria and in June of 1812 invaded Russia with his Grand Army of 600,000 – most were foreign conscripts as his Army was fighting Wellington in Spain. The Russians simple pulled Napoleon into mother Russia and let Nature destroy Napoleon. He did capture a burned abandoned Moscow and was forced to retreat back to France in the dead of winter – the Russians and the Russian winter slaughtered the Grand Army all the way back to Europe. Of the 600,000 only 40,000 made it back to France. AUG 1813 6th coalition seeing Napoleon weakened by Russia – Prussia and Austria joined Russia along with Britain to liberate Europe of Napoleon. He lost the Battle of Nations and Leipzig forcing him back into France. His army was driven from Spain by Wellington. 200,000 troops now marched against Napoleon and entered France. 1814 Tsar Alexander I and King Fredrick William III rode into Paris. On April 6th 1814 the French senate lead by Talleryand and Napoleon’s own General staff had Napoleon Abdicate he attempted suicide by poison but failed. The Treaty of Fontainebleau exiled Napoleon to the Mediterranean island of Elba. Where he kept is 1000 old guard/imperial guard and kept the title Emperor The Bourbon Monarchy Louis XVI’s brother was crowned King of France as Louis XVIII – May 30th 1814 Frances borders were returned to its 1792 standing in Europe. A new constitution was written – Catholicism became the religion of state and the tricolor was replaced 14,000 officers of the Army were retired. Napoleons right hand General Ney now served the Bourbon King. 100 Days March 1815 Napoleon and his Guard escape Elba and land in Southern France –Ney promised to bring him back in an Iron Cage – By June Ney and the French Army joined Napoleon 200,000 troops. Europe sent an army of 700,000 to crush him. June 18 1815 while moving toward Prussia Napoleon was defeated by Wellington and the Prussians at Waterloo. Following the defeat Napoleon surrendered again on the French coast while trying to Escape to America (New Orleans) England took him prisoner after he once again abdicated and sent him by himself to the Island of St. Helena – He died on May 5th 1821. Louis XVIII returned to the throne. Legacy of Napoleon -Napoleonic Code -“Career open to talent” -Turned nationalism into a secular religion for countries -Opened the door for other Nations to adopt nationalism and unification -The Napoleonic wars killed 1 in 5 Frenchmen -2 million served 1.5 million were casualties from 1805-1814 -Rumors and want of his return to France lasted another 50 years. “Death is nothing, but to live defeated and without glory is to die every day.”