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Chapter 10: The Greek World
Section 1
Cyrus the Great- led a Persian revolt against the Medes. He won
independence for Persia. (Beginning of the Persian Empire.)
Cyrus let conquered people keep their own customs. Few people ever
rebelled against him.
Persian Army(A) Immortals- 10,000 of the bravest soldiers
(B) Cavalry- soldiers who ride horses
Darius I – divided the Persian Empire into 20 provinces, each ruled by a
satrap.
Satraps:
(1) collected taxes
(2) served as judges
(3) put down local rebellions
Royal Road- > 1,700 miles long, from the capital Susa to the Aegean Sea.
Darius built a new capital at Persepolis.
Zoroastrianism – religion which taught two forces are trying to control the
universe, 1 good, 1 evil
1st Persian War--- Darius invades Greece
Battle of Marathon- outnumbered by the Persians, the Athenians won.
2nd Persian War: Xerxes invades Greece with army and navy
Battle of Thermopylae - mountain pass, Persians defeat Spartans
Battle of Salamis - sea battle, Athens’ navy wins
Battle of Plataea - combined Greek forces beat the Persians. As a result,
the Persians went home for good.
Section 2: Sparta and Athens
SPARTA-
A military City-State
*Boys trained by running, jumping, swimming, and throwing javelins.
*Men stayed in the army until age 60.
*Courage and strength were more important than one’s own safety.
*Self-Discipline, obedience were very important.
*Spartans thought luxuries made them weak.
*Women could own land.
*Women had to be strong to have healthy babies.
*Sparta had 2 kings.
Helots – slaves
ATHENS*valued education, clear thinking, and the arts.
*Men were in the army for 2 years (ages 18-20)
*Boys learned to read, write, count, sing, play instruments, learn history and
literature.
*Rich boys had private tutors.
*Poor boys became farmers or craftspeople.
*Girls did not go to school- they learned weaving and sewing at home
Women in Athens:
1.
could not serve in government
2.
could not leave their homes
3.
could not buy anything or own property
4.
could not disobey their husbands or fathers.
Alliance- agreement to work together
Delian League- group of cities led by Athens to defend each other.
Peloponnesian League- alliance of cities led by Sparta.
Peloponnesian War- Sparta attacked Athens because they were becoming
too powerful.
*Sparta won the war.
Athens Golden Age was over.
Section 3—Alexander the Great
Philip II- King of Macedonia, N. of Greece
Philip II attacked Greece and defeated them.
Phalanx- a group of warriors who stood close together in a square.
*Macedonian army used very long spears.
Philip II was killed- his son Alexander took over. (Alexander the Great)
*attacked Thebes, took over Greece
*attacked the Persians
*Battle of Issus-
defeated Darius
*Battle of Gaugamela- defeated Darius
*Alexander marched into Asia past the Indus River.
*He got sick and died in Babylon at age 33.
*He spread Greek culture throughout Asia
Hellenistic—“Greek-like”, It was the blending of European and Asian culture.

When Alexander died, his Empire was split into thirds:
1.
Macedonia/Greece
2.
Syria
3.
Egypt
Section 4- Greek Achievements
Paintings and Sculptures - Looked realistic. Some were only black and red.
Many buildings had tall rows of columns around them. (Parthenon)
Plays:
1.
Tragedies- sad plays
2.
Comedies- funny or light-hearted plays
Philosophers -- believed in the power of the human mind to think, explain,
and understand life.
Socrates- taught by asking questions. He was arrested and died by taking
poison.
Plato – He created a school – The Academy. He said society should be run
by philosophers.
Aristotle- people should think about their actions and how they will affect others.
Aristotle made great advances in logic, the process of making inferences.
Euclid – studied geometry, the study of lines, angles, and shapes.
Hippocrates - “Doctors should only help their patients, never try to hurt them.”