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1. _________ is a process in which an organism incorporates genetic material from another
organism without being the offspring of that organism
a. Reductionism
b. homeostasis
c. horizontal gene transfer
d. vertical gene transfer
2. Assemblage of populations of different species is considered to be a ___________
a. Community
b. Ecosystem
c. Population
d. Organization
3. The Endosymbiont Theory states
a. That the similarities between mitochondria and prokaryotes is an important piece of
evidence for this theory
b. Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotes that engulfed other prokaryotes
c. Ancestors of eukaryotic cells formed a symbiotic relationship with prokaryotes
d. All of the above
4. Where is a bacterial cell’s DNA found?
a. Mitochondria
b. Nucleus
c. Peroxisome
d. Nucleoid region
e. Capsule
5) Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell?
a. mitochondrion
b. ribosome
c. nuclear envelope
d. chloroplast
e. ER
6) What are the 3 different domains?
Bacteria, Archea, Eukarya,
7) List the differences in prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotes
Nucleoid region
Cell wall
Flagella (most)
Pilli
Eukaryotes
endomembrane system
mitochondria
chloroplasts (plants)
Membrane enclosed nucleus
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8. Which of the following is not included in the Endomembrane System?
a. nuclear envelope
b. endoplasmic reticulum
c. golgi apparatus
d. mitochondria
e. lysosomes
f. vacuoles
g. peroxisomes
h. plasma membrane
9) Mixotrophs:
a) get their energy from light and carbon from CO2
b) can use photoautotrophy as well as phagotrophy or osmotrophy to obtain organic
nutrients
c) get their energy from organic material
d) uptake small particles by “drinking” through osmosis
10) Name the defining characteristic for each Protist supergroup:
 Excavada  excavated feeding groove

Land Plants and relatives Primary plastids derived from cyanobacteria

Alveolata Alveoli near cell membrane

Stramenopila presence of flagella hairs

Rhizaria Thin hairlike extensions of the cytoplasm

Amebozoa  Ameboid movement by a pseudopodia

Opsthokonta  single posterior flagella
11) The gametophyte is _____________ and it produces ______________
a) diploid/spores
b) haploid/spores
c) diploid/gametes
d) haploid/gametes
12) A phylum whose members are also known as bryophytes is commonly known as
a) liverworts
b) hornworts
c) mosses
d) all of the above
13) which of the following is NOT a plant adaptation for land?
a) Sporopollenin
b) guard cells
c) cuticle
d) egg and sperm
e) seeds
14) a seed develops from
a) a spore
b) a fertilized ovule
c) a microsorangium covered by integuments
d) endosperm
15) In all plants except mosses the _______________ stage is dominant
a) gametophyte
b) sporophyte
c) zygotic
d) diploid
16) what is a pollen grain?
a) embryo
b) sporophyte
c) megaspore
d) microspore
17) which of the following is not a gymnosperm?
a) Cycads
b) Ginkgo
c) Coneaphyta
d) Conifers
e) Gnetophytes
18) Draw the basic plant life cycle:
19) Reproduction is ciliates: (protists)
a) In the Asexual phase the organisms go through ____mitotic division____________
b)The sexual phase is known as ___Conjugation________, in which the organisms
exchange micronuclei .
20) Mosses have flagellated sperm and requires ____water___ to move and fertilize the egg.
21) What is a complete flower?
a) lack either stamens or carpels (imperfect)
b) contains both stamens and carpels (perfect)
c) lack one or more flower organs (incomplete)
d) have all 4 flower organs
22) How are fungi and animals closely to animals?
a) they both are heterotrophic
b) they are both store food as glycogen
c) they both digest their food extracellularly
d) all of the above
23) the _______________ of a fungi is the mass of hyphae
a) mycelium
b) mushroom
c) fruiting body
d) megahyphae
24) Conidia are
a) cells produced by some fungi as the result of sexual reproduction
b) fugal asexual reproductive cells produced by the process of mitosis
c) structures that occur in septal pores
d) the unspecialized gametes of fungi
25) Lichens consist of a partnership between fungi and what other organisms?
a) red algae, and brown algae,
b) green algae, cyanobacteria, and heterotrophic bacteria
c) the roots of vascular plants
d) choanoflagellates and Nulearia
26) What is the correct order for the process of gastrulation
a) ZygoteCleavageBlastulaGastrulationGastrula
b) GastrulaZygoteCleavageBlastula Gastrulation
c) Zygote Gastrulation Cleavage Gastrula Blastula
d) Blastula Cleavage Zygote  Gastrulation  Gastrula
27) What is NOT a characteristic of animals?
a) Multicellular
b) Collagen is the supporting structure
c) Sexual reproduction
d) Carbohydrates (energy) stored as glycogen
28) What are the parts of the flower? (there are 4)
sepals
petal
stamen- produce pollen
carpel- produce ovule
29) Fungi sexual Reproduction :
Fungi gametes= hyphal branches ( no male and female, mating types differ
biochemically)
Plasmogamy- fusion of cytoplasm in gametes
Karygomy- nuclei fuse (1N 1N  2N)
30) The dominant stage in fungi is the ____haploid stage____.
31) Describe the type of reproduction (or identify the fruiting bodies) in the following
Fungi:
Chitridomycota- Flagellate spores, or gametes
Zygomycota- Zygosporangia-produces sexual zygospores
Glomeromycota- Large asexual spores, only asexual known
Ascomycota- ascocarps, nonflagellate sexulal spores (ascospores)
Basidiomycota- has basidiospores and basidia (club shaped) on fruiting bodies)
32) Define the following fungal association methods:
Lichens algae (usually green) and fungi (usually ascomycete)
Advantage to fungi- get sugars form photosynthesis and O2
Advantage to algae- increase range , receives CO2 water and minerals form fungi , fungi
protects from environmental stress
Mycorrhize association between the hyphae of fungi and the seed of rot plants. 80% of
terrestrial plants form relationship.
Plant benefit- receive an increased supply of water and mineral nutrients primarily
phosphate copper and zinc. Enhance plant growth. Reduce water loss and erosion help
protect plants against pathogens and toxic wastes.
Fungi benefit- Plants provide fungi with organic food molecules.
33) Define:
Ectoderm outer layer, differentiates into the epithelia and nervous system
Endoderm  inner layer of cells that line the digestive tract and organs attached to the
digestive tract.
Mesoderm  forms muscles
34) Define the following body cavities:
Coelom fluid filled body cavity completely lined with mesoderm
Pseudocoelom not completely lined with mesoderm
Acelomate lack fluid filled body cavity
35) Describe the following phylums of invertebrate:
Porifera- lack tissues
Cnidaria- cnitocytes, lack circulatory and respitory ststems (PAGE 696)
Ctneophora- lack circulatory and respotory systems
Rotirfera- pseudocelomate, ciliated carona, complete digestive tract
Mollusca- foot visceral mass and mantle shell, reduced coelom, radula, metanephridia (excrete
N), open circulatory system
Platyhelminthes- bilateral, gastrovascular cavity, flame cells, cephalization, acelomate
Annelida- segmented worms, closed circulatory sysem, nerve ganglion respire through skin
Nematoda- collagen cuticle covers body, pseudocoelom
Arthropoda- chitin exoskeleton, jointed appendages, open circulatory system
36) Which Phylums are included in Duterstomata?
a) Echinodermata and Mollusca
b) Chordata and Gastropoda
c) Echiondermata and Chordata
d) Chordata and Platehelminthes
37) What is the name of the order that includes frogs and toads
a) Order Caudata
b) Order Anura
c) Order Gymnophiona
d) Order Reptilia
38) What is NOT a distinguishing innovation for phylum chordate?
a) Notochord
b) Backbone
c) Pharyngeal slits
d) Post anal tail
* Dorsal hollow nerve cord
39) What stage of interphase are the chromosomes replicated?
a) G1
b) S
c) G2
d) M phase
40) What happens during G1?
a) synthesize DNA
b) Prepares for cell division
c) cell growth and recovery
d) mitosis
41) At what phase of mitosis do the sister chromosomes begin to condense, and sister chromatids
join to make chromosomes?
a) Prophase
b) Prometaphase
c)Metaphase
d) Anaphase
e) telophase
42) At what phase of mitosis do pairs of sister chromatids separate and migrate toward the poles?
a) Prophase
b) Prometaphase
c)Metaphase
d) Anaphase
e) telophase
43) what is an example of incomplete dominance?
a) having a white and red flowers in the parental generation make a pink flower
offspring
b) having a white and purple flowers in the parental generation make 1 white and 3
purple offsprings
c) Blood type (codominance)
d) pleiotrophy (1 gene many effects)
43) What is happening during the following stages of interphase?
G1- recovery, make cell components. Will synthesize what was lost to the other cell.
growth
S- synthesize DNA. Chromosomes are replicated. Sister chromatids will pair off. Cell has
twice as many chromatidas as the number of chromosomes in g1phase
G2- readyness prepare for cell division. Synthesizes proteins that are necessary for
chromosome sorting and cell division
M phase – mitosis and cytokinesis. Divide 1 cell into 2 nuclei
44) Explain what is happening at each step:
Interphase- prior to mitosis, includes G1, S, and G2 phases. Chromosomes have replicated .
chromosomes are in nucleus
Prophase- start of mitosis, Chromosomes condense and, sister chromatids join to make
chromosomes. Mitotic spindle starts to form. Centrioles appear. Nuclear envelope begins to
disassociate
Prometaphase-nuclear membrane fragments. Mitotic spindle is fully formed sister chromatids
attach to the spindle via kinetochore microtubules
Metaphase- pairs of sister chromatids are aligned in a single row along the metaphase plate
Anaphase-sister chromatids separate and migrate toward the poles as kinetochore microtubules
shorten.
Telophase-chromosomes de-condense and the nuclear envelope re-forms. Cytokinesis occurs
and separates the mother cell into 2 daughter cells
45) Draw a Punnett squire for a heterozygote male crossed with a heterozygote female
46) What is a linked gene?
Genes that are inherited together with the other gene(s) as they are located on the
same chromosome.
47) What is independent assortment?
Different chromsosmes have different genes, and they will combine in different ways AaBb,
AABB
Could get Aa or AA or Bb or BB
Alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed.(law of segregation) . These allele pairs are
then randomly united at fertilization.
48) What is the smallest unit that can evolve?
a) an individual
b) a species
c) a population
d) none of the above
49) When 2 different species from different lineages show similar characteristics because they
occupy similar environments, they are showing
a) Divergent evolution
b) Convergent evolution
c) Homologies similarity due to descent from a common ancestor
d) Natural selection
50) A population is
a) group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area
b) a group of individuals that are genetically similar
c) a single individual within a group of individuals that live in the same area
d) a group of individuals that have become isolated over time
51) In the hardy-weinberg equation, what does p stand for?
a) The genotype frequency of the homozygous dominant
b) The genotype frequency of the homozygous recessive
c) The allele frequency of the dominant allele
d) The allele frequency of the recessive
51a) Write the Hardy-Weinberg equation.
P2+2pq-q2=1
P+q=1
P2= genotype frequency of AA homozygotes
Q2= genotype frequency of genotype frequency of aa homozygotes
2pq= genotype frequency of Aa heterozygotes
p= allele frequency of A
q= allele frequency of a
52) What is NOT a requirement for hardy-weinberg?
a) Very large population
b) Genetic drift
c) Random mating
d) Isolation of population
* No net mutations, No selective pressures
53) What is it called when there is mass die off in a population and survivors create a new
population?
a) Founder effect
b) Bottleneck effect
c) Gene flow
d) assortative mating
54) What is not an example of a prezygotic barrier?
a) Habitat isolation
b) Temporal isolation
c) Sterile offspring
d) Gametic isolation
* Mechanical isolation, behavioral isolation
55) What is Homology?
Fundamental similarity due to descent from a common ancestor
Hands
56) What is a fundamental niche?
Determined by competition. Potential space you could occupy
57) What is a realized niche?
Niche that exists in the real world
58) Describe competitive exclusion
2 species with exactly the same requirements cannot live together in the same place and
use the same resources.
59) Describe character displacement
The tendency for two species to diverge in morphology and thus resource use because of
competition
60) What is Resource partitioning?
Differentiation of niches, both in space and time, enables similar species to coexist in a
community
61) What are the different types of dispersion?
Clumped – resources in nature tend to be clustered
Uniform- due to competition
Random – resources are randomly spaced
62) Define
semelparity- produce all offspring in a single reproductive event. Reproduce once and
die. Live for many years without reproducing
iteroparity- reproduce throughout the lifecycle (seasonal or continuous)
63) A species interaction in which one species benefits but the other species in unharmed is
called
a) mutualism
b) amensalism
c) parasitism
d) commensalism
64) In Lack’s study of british passerdine birds, different species sem to segregated based on
resource factors such as location of prey items. This differentiation among the niches of the birds
is known as.
a) competitive exclusion
b) intraspecific competition
c) character displacement
d) resource partitioning
65) Batesian mimicry differs from Mullerian mimicry in that
a) in Batesian mimicry, both species possess the chemical defense
b) in Batesian mimicry one species has several different mimics
c) Mullerian mimicry one species has several different mimics
d) in Mullerian mimicry, one species has several different chemical defenses
e) in Batesian mimicry, cryptic coloration is always found
66) the amount of energy that is fixed during photosynthesis is known as
a) net primary production
b) biomagnification
c) trophic level transfer effiency
d) gross primary production
67) Chemoautotrophic bacteria are
a) primary consumers
b) secondary consumers
c) tertiary consumers
d) primary producers
68) Primary production in aquatic systems is limited mainly by
a) temperature and moisture
b) temperature and light
c) temperature and nutrients
d) light and nutrients
69) Eutrophication is
a) caused by an overabundance of nitrogen, which leads to an increase in bacteria
populations
b) caused by an overabundance of nutrients, which leads to an increase in algal
populations
c) the normal breakdown of algal plants following a population increase in algal
populations
d) normally seen in dry hot regions of the world