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Leader: Course: Instructor: Date: Practice Final Exam : Answers Supplemental Instruction Iowa State University 1. _________ is a process in which an organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism a. Reductionism b. homeostasis c. horizontal gene transfer d. vertical gene transfer 2. Assemblage of populations of different species is considered to be a ___________ a. Community b. Ecosystem c. Population d. Organization 3. The Endosymbiont Theory states a. That the similarities between mitochondria and prokaryotes is an important piece of evidence for this theory b. Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotes that engulfed other prokaryotes c. Ancestors of eukaryotic cells formed a symbiotic relationship with prokaryotes d. All of the above 4. Where is a bacterial cell’s DNA found? a. Mitochondria b. Nucleus c. Peroxisome d. Nucleoid region e. Capsule 5) Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell? a. mitochondrion b. ribosome c. nuclear envelope d. chloroplast e. ER 6) What are the 3 different domains? Bacteria, Archea, Eukarya, 7) List the differences in prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells Prokaryotes Nucleoid region Cell wall Flagella (most) Pilli Eukaryotes endomembrane system mitochondria chloroplasts (plants) Membrane enclosed nucleus 1060 Hixson-Lied Student Success Center 515-294-6624 [email protected] http://www.si.iastate.edu 8. Which of the following is not included in the Endomembrane System? a. nuclear envelope b. endoplasmic reticulum c. golgi apparatus d. mitochondria e. lysosomes f. vacuoles g. peroxisomes h. plasma membrane 9) Mixotrophs: a) get their energy from light and carbon from CO2 b) can use photoautotrophy as well as phagotrophy or osmotrophy to obtain organic nutrients c) get their energy from organic material d) uptake small particles by “drinking” through osmosis 10) Name the defining characteristic for each Protist supergroup: Excavada excavated feeding groove Land Plants and relatives Primary plastids derived from cyanobacteria Alveolata Alveoli near cell membrane Stramenopila presence of flagella hairs Rhizaria Thin hairlike extensions of the cytoplasm Amebozoa Ameboid movement by a pseudopodia Opsthokonta single posterior flagella 11) The gametophyte is _____________ and it produces ______________ a) diploid/spores b) haploid/spores c) diploid/gametes d) haploid/gametes 12) A phylum whose members are also known as bryophytes is commonly known as a) liverworts b) hornworts c) mosses d) all of the above 13) which of the following is NOT a plant adaptation for land? a) Sporopollenin b) guard cells c) cuticle d) egg and sperm e) seeds 14) a seed develops from a) a spore b) a fertilized ovule c) a microsorangium covered by integuments d) endosperm 15) In all plants except mosses the _______________ stage is dominant a) gametophyte b) sporophyte c) zygotic d) diploid 16) what is a pollen grain? a) embryo b) sporophyte c) megaspore d) microspore 17) which of the following is not a gymnosperm? a) Cycads b) Ginkgo c) Coneaphyta d) Conifers e) Gnetophytes 18) Draw the basic plant life cycle: 19) Reproduction is ciliates: (protists) a) In the Asexual phase the organisms go through ____mitotic division____________ b)The sexual phase is known as ___Conjugation________, in which the organisms exchange micronuclei . 20) Mosses have flagellated sperm and requires ____water___ to move and fertilize the egg. 21) What is a complete flower? a) lack either stamens or carpels (imperfect) b) contains both stamens and carpels (perfect) c) lack one or more flower organs (incomplete) d) have all 4 flower organs 22) How are fungi and animals closely to animals? a) they both are heterotrophic b) they are both store food as glycogen c) they both digest their food extracellularly d) all of the above 23) the _______________ of a fungi is the mass of hyphae a) mycelium b) mushroom c) fruiting body d) megahyphae 24) Conidia are a) cells produced by some fungi as the result of sexual reproduction b) fugal asexual reproductive cells produced by the process of mitosis c) structures that occur in septal pores d) the unspecialized gametes of fungi 25) Lichens consist of a partnership between fungi and what other organisms? a) red algae, and brown algae, b) green algae, cyanobacteria, and heterotrophic bacteria c) the roots of vascular plants d) choanoflagellates and Nulearia 26) What is the correct order for the process of gastrulation a) ZygoteCleavageBlastulaGastrulationGastrula b) GastrulaZygoteCleavageBlastula Gastrulation c) Zygote Gastrulation Cleavage Gastrula Blastula d) Blastula Cleavage Zygote Gastrulation Gastrula 27) What is NOT a characteristic of animals? a) Multicellular b) Collagen is the supporting structure c) Sexual reproduction d) Carbohydrates (energy) stored as glycogen 28) What are the parts of the flower? (there are 4) sepals petal stamen- produce pollen carpel- produce ovule 29) Fungi sexual Reproduction : Fungi gametes= hyphal branches ( no male and female, mating types differ biochemically) Plasmogamy- fusion of cytoplasm in gametes Karygomy- nuclei fuse (1N 1N 2N) 30) The dominant stage in fungi is the ____haploid stage____. 31) Describe the type of reproduction (or identify the fruiting bodies) in the following Fungi: Chitridomycota- Flagellate spores, or gametes Zygomycota- Zygosporangia-produces sexual zygospores Glomeromycota- Large asexual spores, only asexual known Ascomycota- ascocarps, nonflagellate sexulal spores (ascospores) Basidiomycota- has basidiospores and basidia (club shaped) on fruiting bodies) 32) Define the following fungal association methods: Lichens algae (usually green) and fungi (usually ascomycete) Advantage to fungi- get sugars form photosynthesis and O2 Advantage to algae- increase range , receives CO2 water and minerals form fungi , fungi protects from environmental stress Mycorrhize association between the hyphae of fungi and the seed of rot plants. 80% of terrestrial plants form relationship. Plant benefit- receive an increased supply of water and mineral nutrients primarily phosphate copper and zinc. Enhance plant growth. Reduce water loss and erosion help protect plants against pathogens and toxic wastes. Fungi benefit- Plants provide fungi with organic food molecules. 33) Define: Ectoderm outer layer, differentiates into the epithelia and nervous system Endoderm inner layer of cells that line the digestive tract and organs attached to the digestive tract. Mesoderm forms muscles 34) Define the following body cavities: Coelom fluid filled body cavity completely lined with mesoderm Pseudocoelom not completely lined with mesoderm Acelomate lack fluid filled body cavity 35) Describe the following phylums of invertebrate: Porifera- lack tissues Cnidaria- cnitocytes, lack circulatory and respitory ststems (PAGE 696) Ctneophora- lack circulatory and respotory systems Rotirfera- pseudocelomate, ciliated carona, complete digestive tract Mollusca- foot visceral mass and mantle shell, reduced coelom, radula, metanephridia (excrete N), open circulatory system Platyhelminthes- bilateral, gastrovascular cavity, flame cells, cephalization, acelomate Annelida- segmented worms, closed circulatory sysem, nerve ganglion respire through skin Nematoda- collagen cuticle covers body, pseudocoelom Arthropoda- chitin exoskeleton, jointed appendages, open circulatory system 36) Which Phylums are included in Duterstomata? a) Echinodermata and Mollusca b) Chordata and Gastropoda c) Echiondermata and Chordata d) Chordata and Platehelminthes 37) What is the name of the order that includes frogs and toads a) Order Caudata b) Order Anura c) Order Gymnophiona d) Order Reptilia 38) What is NOT a distinguishing innovation for phylum chordate? a) Notochord b) Backbone c) Pharyngeal slits d) Post anal tail * Dorsal hollow nerve cord 39) What stage of interphase are the chromosomes replicated? a) G1 b) S c) G2 d) M phase 40) What happens during G1? a) synthesize DNA b) Prepares for cell division c) cell growth and recovery d) mitosis 41) At what phase of mitosis do the sister chromosomes begin to condense, and sister chromatids join to make chromosomes? a) Prophase b) Prometaphase c)Metaphase d) Anaphase e) telophase 42) At what phase of mitosis do pairs of sister chromatids separate and migrate toward the poles? a) Prophase b) Prometaphase c)Metaphase d) Anaphase e) telophase 43) what is an example of incomplete dominance? a) having a white and red flowers in the parental generation make a pink flower offspring b) having a white and purple flowers in the parental generation make 1 white and 3 purple offsprings c) Blood type (codominance) d) pleiotrophy (1 gene many effects) 43) What is happening during the following stages of interphase? G1- recovery, make cell components. Will synthesize what was lost to the other cell. growth S- synthesize DNA. Chromosomes are replicated. Sister chromatids will pair off. Cell has twice as many chromatidas as the number of chromosomes in g1phase G2- readyness prepare for cell division. Synthesizes proteins that are necessary for chromosome sorting and cell division M phase – mitosis and cytokinesis. Divide 1 cell into 2 nuclei 44) Explain what is happening at each step: Interphase- prior to mitosis, includes G1, S, and G2 phases. Chromosomes have replicated . chromosomes are in nucleus Prophase- start of mitosis, Chromosomes condense and, sister chromatids join to make chromosomes. Mitotic spindle starts to form. Centrioles appear. Nuclear envelope begins to disassociate Prometaphase-nuclear membrane fragments. Mitotic spindle is fully formed sister chromatids attach to the spindle via kinetochore microtubules Metaphase- pairs of sister chromatids are aligned in a single row along the metaphase plate Anaphase-sister chromatids separate and migrate toward the poles as kinetochore microtubules shorten. Telophase-chromosomes de-condense and the nuclear envelope re-forms. Cytokinesis occurs and separates the mother cell into 2 daughter cells 45) Draw a Punnett squire for a heterozygote male crossed with a heterozygote female 46) What is a linked gene? Genes that are inherited together with the other gene(s) as they are located on the same chromosome. 47) What is independent assortment? Different chromsosmes have different genes, and they will combine in different ways AaBb, AABB Could get Aa or AA or Bb or BB Alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed.(law of segregation) . These allele pairs are then randomly united at fertilization. 48) What is the smallest unit that can evolve? a) an individual b) a species c) a population d) none of the above 49) When 2 different species from different lineages show similar characteristics because they occupy similar environments, they are showing a) Divergent evolution b) Convergent evolution c) Homologies similarity due to descent from a common ancestor d) Natural selection 50) A population is a) group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area b) a group of individuals that are genetically similar c) a single individual within a group of individuals that live in the same area d) a group of individuals that have become isolated over time 51) In the hardy-weinberg equation, what does p stand for? a) The genotype frequency of the homozygous dominant b) The genotype frequency of the homozygous recessive c) The allele frequency of the dominant allele d) The allele frequency of the recessive 51a) Write the Hardy-Weinberg equation. P2+2pq-q2=1 P+q=1 P2= genotype frequency of AA homozygotes Q2= genotype frequency of genotype frequency of aa homozygotes 2pq= genotype frequency of Aa heterozygotes p= allele frequency of A q= allele frequency of a 52) What is NOT a requirement for hardy-weinberg? a) Very large population b) Genetic drift c) Random mating d) Isolation of population * No net mutations, No selective pressures 53) What is it called when there is mass die off in a population and survivors create a new population? a) Founder effect b) Bottleneck effect c) Gene flow d) assortative mating 54) What is not an example of a prezygotic barrier? a) Habitat isolation b) Temporal isolation c) Sterile offspring d) Gametic isolation * Mechanical isolation, behavioral isolation 55) What is Homology? Fundamental similarity due to descent from a common ancestor Hands 56) What is a fundamental niche? Determined by competition. Potential space you could occupy 57) What is a realized niche? Niche that exists in the real world 58) Describe competitive exclusion 2 species with exactly the same requirements cannot live together in the same place and use the same resources. 59) Describe character displacement The tendency for two species to diverge in morphology and thus resource use because of competition 60) What is Resource partitioning? Differentiation of niches, both in space and time, enables similar species to coexist in a community 61) What are the different types of dispersion? Clumped – resources in nature tend to be clustered Uniform- due to competition Random – resources are randomly spaced 62) Define semelparity- produce all offspring in a single reproductive event. Reproduce once and die. Live for many years without reproducing iteroparity- reproduce throughout the lifecycle (seasonal or continuous) 63) A species interaction in which one species benefits but the other species in unharmed is called a) mutualism b) amensalism c) parasitism d) commensalism 64) In Lack’s study of british passerdine birds, different species sem to segregated based on resource factors such as location of prey items. This differentiation among the niches of the birds is known as. a) competitive exclusion b) intraspecific competition c) character displacement d) resource partitioning 65) Batesian mimicry differs from Mullerian mimicry in that a) in Batesian mimicry, both species possess the chemical defense b) in Batesian mimicry one species has several different mimics c) Mullerian mimicry one species has several different mimics d) in Mullerian mimicry, one species has several different chemical defenses e) in Batesian mimicry, cryptic coloration is always found 66) the amount of energy that is fixed during photosynthesis is known as a) net primary production b) biomagnification c) trophic level transfer effiency d) gross primary production 67) Chemoautotrophic bacteria are a) primary consumers b) secondary consumers c) tertiary consumers d) primary producers 68) Primary production in aquatic systems is limited mainly by a) temperature and moisture b) temperature and light c) temperature and nutrients d) light and nutrients 69) Eutrophication is a) caused by an overabundance of nitrogen, which leads to an increase in bacteria populations b) caused by an overabundance of nutrients, which leads to an increase in algal populations c) the normal breakdown of algal plants following a population increase in algal populations d) normally seen in dry hot regions of the world