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Spanish Level I Grammar Review 1. Nouns- Nouns are words that name a person, place, or a thing. The nouns in Spanish are either masculine or feminine in gender. To make a noun plural: *if the noun ends in a vowel, add –s *if the noun ends in a consonant, add –es *if the noun ends in -z, change the –z to a –c and add –es ex. el lápiz los lápices 2. Definite articles- In English, there is one definite article (the). In Spanish, there are four definite articles (el, la, los, las). The definite articles will tell you if the noun is masculine or feminine (gender), singular or plural (number). ex. el libro- the book los libros- the books 3. Indefinite articles- The indefinite articles in Spanish are: un, una, unos, unas. These mean a, an, some, or a few. The form that you use, just like for the definite articles, depends on the number and gender of the subject. Ex. un libro- a book unos libros- some books 4. Contractions- In Spanish, some words when in a specific order are combined to form one word. Some examples are: *a + el al *de + el del 5. Possession- In English, we use an apostrophe s (‘s) to show possession (who something belongs to). In Spanish, you use the word de to show possession. ex. The book is Eduardo’s. El libro es de Eduardo. 6. Adjective agreement- In English, we use adjectives to describe nouns. In Spanish, you also use adjectives to describe nouns but they must match in gender and number with the noun they describe. In Spanish, the adjectives usually go after the noun. *If the adjective ends in an –o, the -o can be changed to –a, -os, and –as to match in gender and number to the noun you are describing. ex. un chico alto una chica alta unos chicos altos unas chicas altas *If the adjective ends in an –e or a consonant, it can only be singular or plural (to match in number with the noun). ex. un chico amable una chica amable unos chicos amables unas chicas amables 7. Subject pronouns- Pronouns are words that take the place of a noun. They are: English: Spanish: I yo you tú he/she/it él/ella/Ud. we nosotros/nosotras they ellos/ellas 8. Negative words- There are some Spanish words that can be used to make a sentence negative, such as no (no), nunca (never), nada (nothing), and nadie (nobody). These words either go at the beginning of the sentence, or the sentence could begin with no and the negative word placed after the verb. Ex. Nunca cuido a mi hermana. No cuido a mi hermana nunca. 9. Possessive adjectives- Possessive adjectives show ownership or possession of the subject that you refer to. They are: English: Spanish: my mi(s) your tu(s) his/her su(s) our nuestro/a(s) their su(s) *note: possessive adjectives in Spanish must agree in number and gender with the noun that it describes 10. Personal a- There is no English translation for the personal a. In Spanish, when a person receives an action, the word a comes before it. When a thing receives an action, no a is needed. 11. Present tense- The present tense verb conjugations talk about what you do. There are three verb endings in Spanish: -ar, -er, and –ir. The endings for the verbs are as follows: When you conjugate a verb in Spanish, drop the –ar, -er, or –ir ending and add: -ar -er -ir -o -as –a -amos -o -emos -es -an -e -en *Irregular verbs in the present tense are: ser: soy, eres, es, somos, son estar: estoy, estás, está, estamos, están ir: voy, vas, va, vamos, van -o -es -e -imos -en *Verbs with irregular yo forms: hacer (yo hago), poner (yo pongo),saber (yo sé), salir (yo salgo), traer (yo traigo) 12. Indirect object pronouns- Indirect objects take the place of nouns in a sentence and tell for whom or to whom an action is done. The indirect object pronouns are: me, te, le, nos, and les. The verbs encantar (to love) and gustar (to like) take indirect object pronouns in Spanish. Remember that the verbs encantar and gustar must match in number with the subject (gusta- singular, gustan- plural, encanta- singular, encantan- plural) and must be followed by the definite article (el, la, los, las) or an infinitive. Ex. Me gusta leer. I like to read. Me encantan los tacos. I love tacos. 13. Making comparisons- If you want to compare two items in Spanish, you can use the following phrases: más + adjective + que = more ________ than menos + adjective + que = less _________ than tan + adjective + como = as ____________ as *Remember that the adjective needs to match in number and gender with the noun it refers to 14. Demonstrative adjectives- Demonstrative adjectives point out people and things and must agree in gender and number with the nouns they describe. The demonstrative adjectives are: English this that these those Spanish (masculine) este ese estos esos Spanish (feminine) esta esa estas esas 15. Present Progressive- The present progressive is a verb tense that tells you what is happening right now. It is formed by using the correct conjugation of the verb estar (present tense- estoy, estás, está, estamos, están), followed by the present participle of the action verb. To form the present participle of the action verb: *for –ar verbs, drop the –ar and add –ando *for –er and –ir verbs, drop the –er or –ir and add –iendo *for verbs with the stem ending in a vowel, change the –iendo to –yendo (ex. leer leyendo) examples: 1. Tú estás cantando. You are singing. 2. Ellos están escribiendo. They are writing. 3. Yo estoy leyendo. I am reading. 16. Stem-changing verbs- There are many verbs (see your verb list) that have a stem-change in the present tense. It changes in every form except the nosotros form. 17. Informal Commands- To make an informal command to someone you would talk to in a familiar way, take the present tense tú form of the verb and drop the s. There are five irregular command forms that you should memorize, and they are: hacer: haz venir: ven ir: ve salir: sal poner: pon 18. Past tense- The past tense talks about something that has already happened. To form this verb tense in Spanish, you drop the –ar, -er, or –ir verb ending and add: -ar -é -aste -ó -er -amos -aron -í -iste -ió -ir -imos -ieron -í -iste -ió -imos -ieron *The irregular verbs for the past tense are: hacer: hice hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieron ir: fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron ser: fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron ver: vi, viste, vio, vimos, vieron 19. Direct object pronouns- Direct object pronouns receive the action of the verb. The direct object pronouns are: lo (it, him, you), la (it her, you), los (them- masculine, plural), and las (them- feminine, plural). These are placed before the conjugated verb or can be attached to the infinitive form of the verb. 20. Ser vs. Estar- These two verbs both mean to be in Spanish. Ser is usually used for more permanent states, while estar is used for more temporary descriptions. Here are some examples to help you remember which verb to use in certain situations: Ser 1. to give the date Son las once. 2. to give the time Es el tres de marzo. 3. to tell what something is made of Son de cuero. 4. to tell what someone is like Ella es inteligente. 5. to tell where you are from Soy de Tejas. 6. to tell what someone does Soy una profesora. Estar 1. to give location Está al lado del cine. 2. to talk about temporary conditions Estoy cansada hoy. 3. to form the present progressive Está lloviendo. 21. Affirmative and negative expressionsaffirmative: negative: algo (something) nada (nothing) alguien (someone, somebody) nadie (no one, nobody) alguno (algún),-a (some) ninguno (ningún),-a (none) o...o (either…or) ni...ni (neither...nor) siempre (always) nunca (never) 22. Interrogative words¿Adónde?- (to) where ¿Cómo?- how or what ¿Cuál(es)?- what or which ¿Cuándo?- when ¿Cuánto/a?-how much ¿Cuántos/as?- how many ¿De dónde?- where ¿Dónde?- where ¿Por qué?- why ¿Qué?- what ¿Quién(es)?- who