Download Chapter 5 – Section 1 Notes

Chapter 5 – Section 1 Notes
The Rise of Rome
Learning Objectives – The students will be able to:
 Summarize the main causes for the rise of Rome
 Document the similarities between the Roman Law of Nations and American Civil
Law
Reasons Rome was and Ideal Place to Build an Empire
 Centrally located in the Mediterranean
 Built on 7 hills = easily defended
 Located on the Tiber River=safe from sea attack, but crossing point for traffic
Greeks settled in Southern Italy
Etruscans - North of Rome (Kings of Early Rome)
The Roman Republic
 509 BC - Romans overthrow Etruscan kings and create a Republic
 New era in Roman history begins
War and Conquest
 Rome engaged in continuous warfare for almost 200 years
 They took control over all of Italy – including Greece
 Roman Confederation
Why was Rome Successful?
 Good Diplomats
 Excelled in military matters – brilliant strategists
 Practical in law and conquest
Government of Rome
Early Rome was divided into two groups:
 Patricians – land owners; ruling class
 Plebeians – less wealthy landholders, craftspeople, merchants, and farmers
CEOs of the Republic
 Consuls – two men chosen each year to run the government & lead the army to
battle
 Praetors – in charge of civil law
 Senate – 300 patricians who served for life
 Centuriate Assembly – elected chief officials & passed laws
Struggle between the Classes
 Patricians vs. Plebeians
 Council of the plebs
 Tribunes of the plebs
Peace brought about by The Twelve Tables
 450 B.C. - Rome’s first code of laws
 Guaranteed rights to Plebeians
Law of Nations
Included principles such as:
 Innocent until proven otherwise
 Accused allowed to defend self
 Judge expected to weigh evidence
Punic Wars
Rome vs. Carthage
Battle for control of trade in the Western Mediterranean
First Punic War
 264 - 241 B.C.
 Began when Rome sent an army to Sicily
 Rome created a naval fleet
 Rome wins & gets Sicily
Second Punic War
 Hannibal invades Italy from Spain
 Crosses the Alps with elephants, horses, & an army of 46,000
 Hannibal spends 10 years in Italy, but no victory: Romans wouldn’t leave the cities
 Romans sent troops to Spain & pushed the Carthaginians out
Rome Wins
 Hannibal forced to return to Spain--defeated at Zama in 202 BC
 Spain becomes a Roman province
 Rome is the dominant power
Third Punic War
 50 years later
 Rome attacks Carthage out of spite
 Carthage burned
 Rome establishes its empire & now rules the Mediterranean
Chapter 5 – Section 2
From Republic to Empire
Learning Objectives – The students will be able to:
 Summarize the main causes for the rise of the Roman Empire.
Triumvirate – Government by three people with equal power
The 1st Triumvirate
 Caesar – had military command in Spain
 Crassus – Richest man in Rome
 Pompey – famous General & military hero
Julius Caesar marches on Rome causing a civil war & becomes dictator
Caesar becomes a Great General
Caesar was the first Roman to have his likeness on a coin in his lifetime
Cleopatra
The 2nd Triumvirate
 Octavian – Caesar's heir & grand nephew
 Antony – Caesar’s ally
 Lepidus – Commander of Caesar's cavalry
Mark Antony Gets Eastern Rome
Octavian Takes Western Rome
 Anthony allies with Cleopatra
 Octavian defeats them at Actium
 Anthony & Cleopatra commit suicide – pg. 158
Age of Augustus
 Octavian ruled the world at age 32
 Proclaimed the “restoration of the republic”
 Became the 1st Roman Emperor
 Senate gave him the title Augustus – “the revered one”
Four emperors after Augustus became more powerful & corrupt
Pax Romana
 Period of 5 good emporers
 “Roman Peace”
 Empire expanded
 Lots of trade = more money
 Latifundia
Chapter 5 – Section 3
Culture & Society in the Roman World
Learning Objectives – The students will be able to:
 Give examples of important technological advances.
 Analyze the roles of males and females in Roman society.
Greco-Roman Culture
 Romans preserved and added onto Greek Culture--became the basis of European
(and American) Culture
Architecture & Engineering
 First to build with concrete on a massive scale
 Constructed roads, bridges, & aqueducts
 Forms based on curved lines
o Arch
o Vault
o Dome
Roman Literature
 Augustan Age = the golden age of Latin literature
Virgil - The Aeneid
 Written in honor of Rome
 Aeneas is portrayed as the ideal Roman
Latin
 Remained the language of learning and of the Church
 Base for Romance Languages
 Evolved into Romance languages: Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, Romanian
Roman Family
Men
 Strong father figure
 Paterfamilias
Education
 All upper-class children expected to learn to read
 Boys learned reading, writing, moral principles, physical training
 Father required to provide the education for the children
 Used Greek slaves as teachers
Women
 Females weak & needed male guardian
 Legal age to marry 12
Changing Roles
 Paterfamilias lost power over time
 Upper class women could own property & attend social events
 Could not participate in politics, but influenced through their husbands
 Either husband or wife could divorce
Slavery
 Relied heavily on slave labor
 Spartacus: led revolt of 70,000 slaves, many gladiators
Living Conditions
 Overcrowded, noise city – traffic banned during the day
 Insulae – apartment blocks in which the poor lived – often caught on fire
 High rent forced families to live in one room
Bread and Circuses
 Cities filled with the poor
 Danger of Revolution
 Free food & entertainment
Circus Maximus
Chariot races
Chapter 5 – Section 4
The Development of Christianity
Learning Objectives – The students will be able to:
 Explain the origins, beliefs, and the spread of Christianity.
By A.D. 6 Judea was under Roman rule
Jews disagreed on Roman rule
 Sadducees – favored cooperation with Rome
 Pharisees – felt that close observance of religious law would protect the Jewish
identity from Roman influence
 Essenes – lived apart from society waiting for God to save Israel from oppression
 Zealots – wanted violent overthrow of the government
Rise of Christianity – JESUS:
 Began preaching at 30
 Jew seeking reform
 Preaching = controversy
 Saw Jesus as a potential revolutionary
 Opponents turned him over to Roman authorities
Pontius Pilate orders Jesus’ crucifixion & washes his hands of blame
Executed in AD 29 for challenging the authority of Rome
Jesus’ Followers Believed:
 He rose from the dead
 He was the messiah who would deliver Israel from its foes & lead them to a new
kingdom
Apostle Peter takes Christianity to Rome
Paul (educated Jewish-Roman citizen) joins the movement
New Testament
 Personal writings about Jesus were put together to create the second half of the
Christian Bible
Jewish Rebellion
 A.D. 66
 Rome crushes the rebellion
 Jewish temple destroyed
 Rome crushes rebellion
Roman Persecution of Christians
 Nero first Emperor to persecute
 Persecution only increased the growth of Christianity
 Forced it to become more organized
o Separation between clergy & laity
Why did Christianity attract so many followers?
 personal & offered salvation to all
 familiar
 fulfilled the human need to belong
 attractive to all classes of people
By 4th Century A.D. Christianity was too strong to be stopped by force
Constantine was the 1st Christian emperor
Edict of Milan
 Proclaimed official tolerance of Christianity
Theodosius the Great
 Adopted Christianity as the official religion of Rome
Chapter 5 – Section 5
Decline and Fall
Learning Objectives – The students will be able to:
 Summarize the main causes for the fall of the Roman Empire.
Reason for the Decline
 Invasions
 Civil War
 Plague
Diocletion (284-305 AD) and Constantine (306-337 AD)
 Divided empire into 4 parts
Moved the Capital to Byzantium, renamed it Constantinople
The reforms of Diocletian & Constantine
 Strengthened the administrative bureaucracies
 Enlarged the army
 Set wage & price controls to fight inflation
 Forced people to remain in their designated jobs
 Their reforms were based on control
 Temporarily successful
 In the long run they stifled the vitality of the Late Roman Empire
Barbarian Invasions
 Huns – from Asia; moved into eastern Europe & put pressure on the Visigoths
 Visigoths – Germanic; moved south & west into Roman territory
 Vandals – poured into southern Spain & Africa
 Visigoths first to sack Rome in 410
 Vandals sack Rome in 455
Western Roman Empire Falls
 476
 Romulus Augustulus was removed from office by the Germanic head of the army
 Constantinople & the Eastern Empire lasts another 1000 years