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Chapter 5 – Section 1 Notes The Rise of Rome Learning Objectives – The students will be able to: Summarize the main causes for the rise of Rome Document the similarities between the Roman Law of Nations and American Civil Law Reasons Rome was and Ideal Place to Build an Empire Centrally located in the Mediterranean Built on 7 hills = easily defended Located on the Tiber River=safe from sea attack, but crossing point for traffic Greeks settled in Southern Italy Etruscans - North of Rome (Kings of Early Rome) The Roman Republic 509 BC - Romans overthrow Etruscan kings and create a Republic New era in Roman history begins War and Conquest Rome engaged in continuous warfare for almost 200 years They took control over all of Italy – including Greece Roman Confederation Why was Rome Successful? Good Diplomats Excelled in military matters – brilliant strategists Practical in law and conquest Government of Rome Early Rome was divided into two groups: Patricians – land owners; ruling class Plebeians – less wealthy landholders, craftspeople, merchants, and farmers CEOs of the Republic Consuls – two men chosen each year to run the government & lead the army to battle Praetors – in charge of civil law Senate – 300 patricians who served for life Centuriate Assembly – elected chief officials & passed laws Struggle between the Classes Patricians vs. Plebeians Council of the plebs Tribunes of the plebs Peace brought about by The Twelve Tables 450 B.C. - Rome’s first code of laws Guaranteed rights to Plebeians Law of Nations Included principles such as: Innocent until proven otherwise Accused allowed to defend self Judge expected to weigh evidence Punic Wars Rome vs. Carthage Battle for control of trade in the Western Mediterranean First Punic War 264 - 241 B.C. Began when Rome sent an army to Sicily Rome created a naval fleet Rome wins & gets Sicily Second Punic War Hannibal invades Italy from Spain Crosses the Alps with elephants, horses, & an army of 46,000 Hannibal spends 10 years in Italy, but no victory: Romans wouldn’t leave the cities Romans sent troops to Spain & pushed the Carthaginians out Rome Wins Hannibal forced to return to Spain--defeated at Zama in 202 BC Spain becomes a Roman province Rome is the dominant power Third Punic War 50 years later Rome attacks Carthage out of spite Carthage burned Rome establishes its empire & now rules the Mediterranean Chapter 5 – Section 2 From Republic to Empire Learning Objectives – The students will be able to: Summarize the main causes for the rise of the Roman Empire. Triumvirate – Government by three people with equal power The 1st Triumvirate Caesar – had military command in Spain Crassus – Richest man in Rome Pompey – famous General & military hero Julius Caesar marches on Rome causing a civil war & becomes dictator Caesar becomes a Great General Caesar was the first Roman to have his likeness on a coin in his lifetime Cleopatra The 2nd Triumvirate Octavian – Caesar's heir & grand nephew Antony – Caesar’s ally Lepidus – Commander of Caesar's cavalry Mark Antony Gets Eastern Rome Octavian Takes Western Rome Anthony allies with Cleopatra Octavian defeats them at Actium Anthony & Cleopatra commit suicide – pg. 158 Age of Augustus Octavian ruled the world at age 32 Proclaimed the “restoration of the republic” Became the 1st Roman Emperor Senate gave him the title Augustus – “the revered one” Four emperors after Augustus became more powerful & corrupt Pax Romana Period of 5 good emporers “Roman Peace” Empire expanded Lots of trade = more money Latifundia Chapter 5 – Section 3 Culture & Society in the Roman World Learning Objectives – The students will be able to: Give examples of important technological advances. Analyze the roles of males and females in Roman society. Greco-Roman Culture Romans preserved and added onto Greek Culture--became the basis of European (and American) Culture Architecture & Engineering First to build with concrete on a massive scale Constructed roads, bridges, & aqueducts Forms based on curved lines o Arch o Vault o Dome Roman Literature Augustan Age = the golden age of Latin literature Virgil - The Aeneid Written in honor of Rome Aeneas is portrayed as the ideal Roman Latin Remained the language of learning and of the Church Base for Romance Languages Evolved into Romance languages: Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, Romanian Roman Family Men Strong father figure Paterfamilias Education All upper-class children expected to learn to read Boys learned reading, writing, moral principles, physical training Father required to provide the education for the children Used Greek slaves as teachers Women Females weak & needed male guardian Legal age to marry 12 Changing Roles Paterfamilias lost power over time Upper class women could own property & attend social events Could not participate in politics, but influenced through their husbands Either husband or wife could divorce Slavery Relied heavily on slave labor Spartacus: led revolt of 70,000 slaves, many gladiators Living Conditions Overcrowded, noise city – traffic banned during the day Insulae – apartment blocks in which the poor lived – often caught on fire High rent forced families to live in one room Bread and Circuses Cities filled with the poor Danger of Revolution Free food & entertainment Circus Maximus Chariot races Chapter 5 – Section 4 The Development of Christianity Learning Objectives – The students will be able to: Explain the origins, beliefs, and the spread of Christianity. By A.D. 6 Judea was under Roman rule Jews disagreed on Roman rule Sadducees – favored cooperation with Rome Pharisees – felt that close observance of religious law would protect the Jewish identity from Roman influence Essenes – lived apart from society waiting for God to save Israel from oppression Zealots – wanted violent overthrow of the government Rise of Christianity – JESUS: Began preaching at 30 Jew seeking reform Preaching = controversy Saw Jesus as a potential revolutionary Opponents turned him over to Roman authorities Pontius Pilate orders Jesus’ crucifixion & washes his hands of blame Executed in AD 29 for challenging the authority of Rome Jesus’ Followers Believed: He rose from the dead He was the messiah who would deliver Israel from its foes & lead them to a new kingdom Apostle Peter takes Christianity to Rome Paul (educated Jewish-Roman citizen) joins the movement New Testament Personal writings about Jesus were put together to create the second half of the Christian Bible Jewish Rebellion A.D. 66 Rome crushes the rebellion Jewish temple destroyed Rome crushes rebellion Roman Persecution of Christians Nero first Emperor to persecute Persecution only increased the growth of Christianity Forced it to become more organized o Separation between clergy & laity Why did Christianity attract so many followers? personal & offered salvation to all familiar fulfilled the human need to belong attractive to all classes of people By 4th Century A.D. Christianity was too strong to be stopped by force Constantine was the 1st Christian emperor Edict of Milan Proclaimed official tolerance of Christianity Theodosius the Great Adopted Christianity as the official religion of Rome Chapter 5 – Section 5 Decline and Fall Learning Objectives – The students will be able to: Summarize the main causes for the fall of the Roman Empire. Reason for the Decline Invasions Civil War Plague Diocletion (284-305 AD) and Constantine (306-337 AD) Divided empire into 4 parts Moved the Capital to Byzantium, renamed it Constantinople The reforms of Diocletian & Constantine Strengthened the administrative bureaucracies Enlarged the army Set wage & price controls to fight inflation Forced people to remain in their designated jobs Their reforms were based on control Temporarily successful In the long run they stifled the vitality of the Late Roman Empire Barbarian Invasions Huns – from Asia; moved into eastern Europe & put pressure on the Visigoths Visigoths – Germanic; moved south & west into Roman territory Vandals – poured into southern Spain & Africa Visigoths first to sack Rome in 410 Vandals sack Rome in 455 Western Roman Empire Falls 476 Romulus Augustulus was removed from office by the Germanic head of the army Constantinople & the Eastern Empire lasts another 1000 years