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Rome Become an Empire World History/Napp “As Rome grew, the gap between rich and poor grew wider. Many of Rome’s rich landowners lived on huge estates. Thousands of enslaved persons – many of whom had been captured peoples in various wars – were forced to work on these estates. By 100 B.C., enslaved persons formed perhaps one-third of Rome’s population. Small farmers found it difficult to compete with the large estates run by the labor of enslaved people. Two brothers, Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, attempted to help Rome’s poor. As tribunes, they proposed such reforms as limiting the size of estates and giving land to the poor. The brothers made enemies of numerous senators. Both met violent deaths. Adding to the growing turmoil within the republic was a breakdown of the once-loyal military. As the republic grew more unstable, generals began seizing greater power for themselves. They recruited soldiers from the landless poor by promising them land. These soldiers fought for pay and owed allegiance only to their commander. They replaced the citizen-soldiers. It now was possible for a military leader supported by his own troops to take over by force. Eventually, one would do just that. In 60 B.C., a military leader named Julius Caesar joined forces with Crassus, a wealthy Roman, and Pompey, a popular general. With their help, Caesar was elected consul in 59 B.C. The reports of Caesar’s successes in Gaul made him very popular with the people of Rome. Pompey, who had become his political rival, feared Caesar’s ambitions. In 50 B.C., the senate, at Pompey’s urgings, ordered Caesar to disband his legions and return home. Caesar defied the senate’s order. On the night of January 10, 49 B.C., he took his army across the Rubicon River in Italy. He marched his army swiftly toward Rome, and Pompey fled. In 44 B.C., Julius Caesar was named dictator for life. Many nobles and senators expressed concern over Caesar’s growing power. A number of important senators, led by Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius, plotted his assassination. On March 15, 44 B.C., they stabbed him to death in the senate chamber.” ~ World History 1- What happened as Rome conquered more land? 2- Why were small farmers unable to compete with large estates? 3- How did Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus attempt to help Rome’s poor? 4- What happened to Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus? Why? 5- How did the army change as the republic became more unstable? 6- Why could a military leader take over the government by force? 7- How did Julius Caesar become consul? 8- How did Julius Caesar become dictator? Why was he assassinated? Becoming an Empire After Julius Caesar’s death, civil war broke out Caesar’s grandnephew, Octavian, Lepidus, and Mark Antony struggled for power Octavian defeated the combined forces of Antony and Cleopatra at the naval battle of Actium in 31 B.C While he restored some aspects of the republic, Octavian became the unchallenged ruler of Rome Eventually he accepted the title of Augustus, or “exalted one” He also kept the title imperator, or “supreme military commander,” a term from which emperor is derived Rome was now an empire ruled by one man Pax Romana Rome was at the peak of its power from the beginning of Augustus’s rule in 27 B.C. to A.D. 180 Agriculture and Trade About 90 percent of people were engaged in farming Most Romans survived on produce from local areas For 207 years, peace reigned in the empire, except Additional food and luxury for some fighting with tribes items for the rich were along the borders obtained through trade This period of peace and prosperity is the Pax Romana – “Roman peace” In Augustus’s time, a silver coin called a denarius used During this time, the Roman Empire included more than 3 million square miles Having common coinage made trade easier Its population numbered between 60 and 80 million Augustus was Rome’s ablest emperor; stabilizing the frontier, glorified Rome with splendid public buildings, and set up a civil service He paid workers to manage government affairs, such as the grain supply, tax collection, and postal system Rome had a vast trading network Rome also traded with China and India A complex network of roads linked the empire to such far-flung places as Persia and southern Russia These roads were originally built by the Roman army for military purposes 1- Who was Octavian and how did he change Rome? 2- How does an emperor differ from a republic? 3- What was the Pax Romana? 4- Prove that Augustus was an able emperor. 5- How did Rome’s civil service work? 6- Why did a common coinage make trade easier? 7- How did roads benefit the Roman empire? Why were Roman roads built? 1- Identify three bad emperors. 2- Identify five good emperors. 3- Why do Christians even today consider Nero a bad emperor? 4- Why was Trajan a good emperor? 5- What was unique about Marcus Aurelius? 6- Why did people fear Domitian? 7- Why was Caligula not suited for his role as emperor? 8- What did Nerva contribute to Roman government? Augustus 63 B.C. - A.D. 14 “Augustus was the most powerful ruler of the mightiest empire of the ancient world. Yet, amid the pomp of Rome, he lived a simple and frugal life. His home was modest by Roman standards. His favorite meal consisted of coarse bread, a few sardines, and a piece of cheese – the usual food of a common laborer. Augustus was also a very religious and familyoriented man. He held to a strict moral code. He had his only child, Julia, exiled from Rome for not being faithful in her marriage.” ~ World History 1- Why was it surprising that Augustus lived a simple and frugal life? 2- What in the passage proves that Augustus lived a simple and frugal life. 3- What in the passage proves that Augustus held to a strict moral code? 4- How did Augustus Caesar differ from the bad emperors in the chart above? 5- Why was it critical for Rome’s emperor to be good? What is the danger of having an emperor? The Gracchi brothers are known for being 1. owners of latifundia. 2. reformers. 3. powerful generals. 4. emperors. Augustus’s government was 1. a republic disguised as a monarchy. 2. a monarchy disguised as a republic. 3. a democracy disguised as an empire. 4. an empire disguised as a republic. The term empire is best defined as 1. a political unit that has a common religious faith 2. a government ruled by the consent of the people 3. an extensive territory under the rule of a single authority 4. a country that requires conquered peoples to assimilate How did the geography of the Italian peninsula influence the development of the Roman Empire? 1. The unnavigable rivers in the northern part of the peninsula protected the Romans from their neighbors. 2. The harsh climate prevented agricultural production on the Italian peninsula. 3. The lengthy, rugged seacoast encouraged frequent invasions of the Italian peninsula. 4. The location of the peninsula contributed to Roman control of the Mediterranean region. Which ancient civilization is associated with an extensive road system? 1. Babylonian 2. Greek 3. Phoenician 4. Roman The political system of the ancient Roman Empire was characterized by 1.a strong central government 2.rule by a coalition of emperors and religious leaders 3.universal suffrage in national elections 4.a strict adherence to constitutional principles The ancient Romans’ most significant contribution to Europe has been in the area of 1. economics 2. poetry 3. drama 4. law The Code of Hammurabi and the Twelve Tables were designed to 1. create a stable society 2. promote peaceful relations with other cultures 3. provide a framework for the development of democracy 4. emphasize the importance of life after death Roman women could own property. Roman women could make wills A valid conclusion drawn from these facts is that Roman women 1. had the right to vote 2. enjoyed some legal rights 3. were equal to men 4. could hold political offices An empire differs from a republic in that 1. In an empire, power resides in the hands of an emperor 2. In an empire, power resides in the hands of the people 3. In an empire, power resides in the hands of a few wealthy men 4. None of the above