Download independent clause

Phrases
Definition:
NOTE:
A phrase is a group of words in a sentence that functions as a single part of speech. It does NOT contain a
subject and a verb and CANNOT stand alone.
If a phrase is used at the beginning of a sentence, it often needs a comma.
1. Prepositional Phrases (Adj. & Adv.)
Begins with a preposition and ends in a noun.
Prepositional Phrases (Adj.):
The bus with a double-deck skidded.
(What kind of bus?)
Prepositional Phrases (Adv.):
The bus left after a two-hour delay.
On the tall mountain, a wild beast sat.
(When did the bus leave?)
(Where did the wild beast sit?)
2. Appositive Phrases
An appositive is a noun or pronoun placed after another noun or pronoun to identify, rename, or
explain the preceding word.
Appositive
The antique car, a Corvette, is worth thousands of dollars.
The song “I Am a Rock” is a classic.
An APPOSITIVE PHRASE is a noun or pronoun with modifiers.
It stands next to a noun or pronoun and adds information or details.
Appositive Phrases
Mr. Stevens, an old, experienced scoutmaster, knows every trail.
The medicine, a dark liquid with a horrible smell, seems to work.
3. Participial Phrases
A participle is a form of a verb that acts as an adjective.
Participle
A growing baby sleeps much of the day.
Our chosen representative resigned.
A participial phrase is a present or past participle with modifiers.
Participial Phrase
Chewing rapidly, the diner started to choke.
The old woman, assisted by her daughter, moved to a new house.
Winning a free pass to the movies, the girls are going to see a movie on Friday.
4. Infinitive Phrases
An infinitive is when you put TO before VERB (to run, to walk, to lie). Infinitives do NOT act as VERBS.
She wants to travel. (What THING does she want?) = noun
An infinitive phrase is an infinitive with modifiers: adverbs, prep. phrases, direct & indirect objects.
Infinitive Phrase
To win quickly is the goal. (Infinitive phrase used as a NOUN)
Her dream is to travel around the USA. (Infinitive with prep. phrase modifying it – used as a NOUN)
NOTE: A phrase WON’T pass the “sentence” test.
Identifying Phrases and Punctuation of Phrases
Find the phrases in the following sentences and surround them with parenthesis. Finally,
label the subject and verb of the sentence.
1. With over one thousand students Sandy Run Middle School is filled with activity
during the day.
2. Mrs. Burke’s classes will be studying Great Expectations for the winter quarter.
3. Having friends in government Jimmy Valentine was released from prison every time.
4. My red jacket the one that Grandma gave me has many stains from my morning
coffee spills.
5. From my morning coffee spills the jacket has many stains.
6. Did you see the movie Scream?
7. Over the winter break I will visit my family in Ohio.
8. In the short stories by O. Henry we see irony at its best.
9. The doctor an esteemed practitioner of medicine works seventeen-hour days.
10.The frog swimming in the lake caught a bug with its long tongue.
Now, go back to the above sentences, adding commas to the following:
 Those phrases beginning sentences, except prepositional phrases less than three
words
 Those phrases interrupting the sentences (non-essential)
PHRASES
Put parenthesis around each phrase, identify what type it is (on the line to the left), and add
commas when necessary.
1. _____
In the bank’s vault the little girl was locked.
2. _____
The little girl was locked in the bank vault.
3. _____
The student studying intensely lost track of time.
4. _____
For the party on Saturday we are buying ice cream.
5. _____
Soapy a homeless person in New York City needed a warm winter home.
6. _____
Alice Walker an important writer in the twentieth century wrote many stories.
CLAUSES
On the line to the left, identify what type of clause is being used and add commas when necessary.
If it is dependent, add necessary punctuation and an independent clause. If it is independent, add
the end punctuation.
7. _____
When the movie ended
8. _____
The movie ended
9. _____
After the school had a dance
10. _____
Since we are studying Greek gods
11. _____
When the principal answered our call for help
12. _____
While the dog played with its toy
Phrases & Clauses
Use five of the following phrases in a paragraph:
in the large hallway
with over a million people expected
running rapidly
Having studied for the test a lot
a millionaire
a TV reporter
the man with a moustache
a mother of five children
Use five of the following clauses in a paragraph:
as we moved our heads to the left
as if we had not heard the announcement
who is a movie star
even though we forgot to turn off the light
before we played soccer
since she did not know how to dance
although he is allergic to ice cream
as long as the night lives on
PHRASES REVIEW
Define:
1. What is a phrase?
2. Name the four types of phrases that we studied:
3. If you take out a phrase in a sentence, what two things will still be left?
Tell the type of phrase given in the below sentences:
PHRASE
TYPE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
changing my name
to run to the store
having trouble with math
to work on my paper
my favorite musician
worked on for five hours
except for the children
for the holiday vacation
a person I know
talking on the phone
the most wonderful person
to make a change
before our meeting
in my car
to do our work
Use five of the above phrases in sentences. Correctly label your subject and verb. Use proper capitalization and
punctuation.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Clauses
Independent Clause
An independent clause has a subject and a verb and is a complete thought.
The stove was hot while it was on.
While it was on, the stove was hot.
NOTE: An independent clause WILL pass the “sentence” test.
Dependent/Subordinate Clauses
A dependent clause has a subject and a verb and is
NOT a complete thought. It “depends” on the rest of the sentence.
If a dependent clause is used at the beginning of a sentence, you often need a comma.
If a dependent phrase interrupts a sentence’s independent clause, use commas to surround it.
The following list of words that start dependent clauses:
who
after
even though
unless
that
although
if
until
while the stove was on
after the deck is finished
which
as
in order that
when
whose
as if
since
whenever
when the wind blows
before the class has ended
whom
as long as
so that
where
when
because
than
wherever
since
before
though
while
as long as the water is cold
since you arrived before the bell
The stove was hot while it was on.
While it was on, the stove was hot.
NOTE: Like phrases, dependent clauses WON’T pass the “sentence” test.
Dependent/Subordinate Elliptical (Adverb) Clause
In certain adverb clauses, words are left out. These clauses are said to be elliptical.
The verb or the subject is understood rather than actually stated/written.
Mrs. Burke sings as well as Mrs. V. (The verb is understood. Inferred: “ as Ms. V sings.”)
We are more prepared than she. (The verb phrase is understood. Inferred: “than she is prepared.”)
Identifying Clauses
Find the clauses in the following sentences. Underline or highlight the independent clause and all modifying phrases; put
parenthesis around the dependent clauses.
1.
We studied many short stories.
2.
We will study a few more.
3.
Alice Walker who is very famous wrote the short story “Everyday Use.”
4.
She read all of the O. Henry stories; she will begin her essay soon.
5.
Because the short story unit is almost over we are reviewing.
6.
After we read a few more stories you will have a test on the entire unit.
7.
The novel that we will read in January is Great Expectations.
Now, create the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
A sentence with a short INDEPENDENT CLAUSE.
Now, rewrite the first sentence, and add a PHRASE to the end of the sentence.
Now, rewrite the second sentence and move the PHRASE to the beginning of the sentence.
Now, rewrite your first sentence, and add a DEPENDENT CLAUSE to the end.
Now, rewrite your first sentence, and add a dependent clause to the end and a participial PHRASE anywhere!!
Now, rewrite your first sentence, and add an INDEPENDENT CLAUSE.
Now, rewrite your first sentence, and add a DEPENDENT and an INDEPENDENT CLAUSE.
Example One:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The students are skating.
The students are skating at the cold rink.
At the cold rink, the students are skating.
The students are skating while they wave to their friends.
The students, showing little fear, are skating while they wave to their friends.
The students are skating, and they fall sometimes.
The students are skating while they wave to their friends, and they fall sometimes.
Phrases & Clauses Practice
Phrases
Identify the type of phrase and choose five to incorporate into five individual sentences
with correct punctuation. Vary your placement of the phrases. Label your subject and
verb. Remember that when phrases begin sentences, you need to use a comma, and when
phrases interrupt sentences, use a comma!
after the movie
on the stove
in the park
an entertaining teacher
the book of the year
with anger
going to the movies
singing with the monkeys
having a test
working for nothing
1.
2.
3.
Clauses
Identify the type of clause each one is in the below list. Then, choose three dependent
clauses and use them in a complete sentence. Vary your placement of the dependent
clause in your sentence. Label your subject and verb of the independent clause.
Remember, when dependent clauses begin sentences you need to use a comma, and when
dependent clauses interrupt sentences, use a comma!
when I buy a winter coat
we watch movies on Tuesdays
when I go shopping
by the way you eat your food
the school days are shortened
1.
2.
3.
finish your test
with over five students absent from school
whenever the toys come alive
she doesn’t care about her brother
unless the dog barks at you
Sentence Structure
Simple Sentence
A simple sentence consists of a single independent clause.
The bell rang.
Compound Sentence
A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses.
The bell rang, and the children were late.
The bell rang; the children were late.
Complex Sentence
A complex sentence consists of one independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses.
As she ran into the room, the girl, who was late, hurried to her desk.
Compound-Complex Sentence
A compound-complex sentence consists of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.
As he was leaving for school (subordinate clause), Justin remembered to take his lunch
(independent clause), but he forgot the report (independent clause) that he had finished the
night before (subordinate clause).
Phrases & Clauses In-Depth
Answer the following questions:
1.
Why is it important to know how to use phrases and clauses?
2.
Why is it important to know how to use commas with them?
PART I. DO YOU KNOW YOUR PHRASES . . .
1. What is a phrase?
1.
2. Define prepositional
2.
phrase and give an
example in a sentence:
3. Define appositive
3.
phrase and give an
example in a sentence:
4. Define participle
4.
phrase and give an
example in a sentence:
Put parenthesis around each phrase, adding commas when necessary.
1. In the bank’s vault the little girl was locked.
2. The little girl was locked in the bank vault.
3. The student studying intensely lost track of time.
4. For the party on Saturday we are buying ice cream.
5. Soapy a homeless person in New York City needed a warm winter home.
6. Alice Walker an important writer in the twentieth century wrote many stories.
Understanding Phrases vs. Clauses
1. What is the main difference between a phrase and a clause?
2. What is the main similarity between a phrase and a dependent clause?
II. DO YOU KNOW YOUR CLAUSES . . .
1. What is a clause?
1.
2. Define independent
clause and give an
example.
2.
3. Define dependent
clause and give an
example.
3.
True or False (T or F)
____1.A phrase and dependent clause are similar because, by themselves, they don’t
make sense.
____2.Much of the time, a phrase is inside a clause.
____3.A phrase is a clause.
Label the following as dependent or independent clauses.
_______________1.She is my mom
_______________2.With a brace supporting her bad ankle
_______________3.As she decided on what clothes to wear
_______________4.The train is stopping at the station.
Now, rewrite the above DEPENDENT CLAUSES with INDEPENDENT CLAUSES so
that they make sense. Do not change the clause from above, only add another clause.
PART I. DO YOU KNOW YOUR PHRASES . . .
1. What is a phrase?
1. A group of words that acts as
one part of speech.
2. Define prepositional
2. Prepositional phrase begins
phrase and give an
with a preposition, ends with
example in a sentence:
a noun, and acts as an adverb
or adjective.
3. Define appositive
3. A noun with modifers that
phrase and give an
follows another noun, telling
example in a sentence:
more about the noun before
it.
4. Define participle
4. A verb with modifiers, being
phrase and give an
used as an adjective.
example in a sentence
(with proper
punctuation):
We are going (to the
market).
Mrs. Burke, (an
excellent teacher), is
wearing black shoes.
The baby, (growing
rapidly), needs new
clothes.
Put parenthesis around each phrase, adding commas when necessary.
1. (In the bank’s vault), the little girl was locked.
2. The little girl was locked (in the bank vault).
3. The student, (studying intensely), lost track (of time).
4. (For the party on Saturday), we are buying ice cream.
5. Soapy, (a homeless person in New York City), needed a warm winter home.
6. Alice Walker, (an important writer in the twentieth century), wrote many stories.
Understanding Phrases vs. Clauses
1. What is the main difference between phrases and clauses? A phrase does not contain a
subject and a verb, a clause does.
2. What is the main similarity between a phrase and a dependent clause? A phrase and a
dependent clause both DO NOT stand alone (they don’t make sense alone)
II. DO YOU KNOW YOUR CLAUSES . . .
1. What is a clause?
1. A group of words that contain a
subject and a verb
2. Define independent
clause and give an
example.
2. A group of words containing a
subject and verb and CAN stand
alone.
1.
3. Define dependent
clause and give an
example.
3. A group of words containing a
subject and a verb but CANNOT
stand alone.
2.
True or False (T or F)
____1.A phrase and dependent clause are similar because, by themselves, they don’t
make sense.
____2.Much of the time, a phrase is inside a clause.
____3.A phrase is a clause.
Label the following as dependent or independent clauses.
_______________1.She is my mom
_______________2.With a brace supporting her bad ankle
_______________3.As she decided on what clothes to wear
_______________4.The train is stopping at the station.
Now, rewrite the above DEPENDENT CLAUSES with INDEPENDENT CLAUSES so
that they make sense. Do not change the clause from above, only add another clause.
PHRASES QUIZ
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate answers.
_________________________1. A phrase is a group of words used as one ______.
_________________________2. A phrase does not contain a(n) ______or a(n) ______.
_________________________3. Prepositional phrase uses a(n) ______ and ends with a(n) _____.
_________________________4. A participle phrase changes a _____ into a(n) ______.
_________________________5. Appositive phrase is a _____ with modifiers that follows a _____ and tells
more about the word it follows.
Put parenthesis around the phrase in each sentence. On the line to the left, write the type of phrase.
Add commas where necessary.
NOTE: If a prepositional phrase is PART of another phrase, just label the larger phrase.
___________________1. Working with the community and background data we are writing essays.
___________________2. The essay a formal piece of writing will be used a lot this year!
___________________3. Used a lot in high school the essay is an important writing piece.
___________________4. With over three hundred students in the school Sandy Run is very active.
___________________5. Sandy Run a school in the East develops an career program.
Label each of the following with the SPECIFIC type of phrase that it is:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
the principal at Sandy Run
beginning the story
with a dime in my pocket
of the three books
around the house
winning the prize
changing classes for the second quarter
an experienced fisherman
an excellent movie
my wonderful father
Bonus:
Use any of the three of the above phrases AS PHRASES in ONE sentence. Be sure to use correct
capitalization and punctuation.
PHRASES RE-QUIZ
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate answers.
____________________1. What are the three types of phrases?
____________________2. A phrase acts as one ____________________.
____________________3. If a phrase begins with a verb but is used as an adjective, what kind of
phrase is it?
____________________4. If a phrase renames the noun before it, what kind of phrase is it?
Underline the part without the phrase. On the line to the left, write the type of phrase(s). Add
commas where necessary.
NOTE: If a prepositional phrase is PART of another phrase, just label the larger phrase.
_______________1. The door slamming in my face created a wind.
_______________2. Maria my neighbor with a carport is happy today.
_______________3. Writing the newspaper article I realized that the man was guilty.
_______________4. We are reading a story today in our English class.
_______________5. Will you share that pizza from Pappa John’s?
Label each of the following with the SPECIFIC type of phrase that it is:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
a book by my father
singing in the shower
over the hills
a great teacher
with over five perfect papers
winning the prize for best student
a speaker on careers
before graduation
an excellent movie
the best story ever
Bonus:
Use any of the three of the above phrases AS PHRASES in ONE sentence. Be sure to use correct
capitalization and punctuation.
Words, Phrases, & Clauses Quiz
(Parenthetical Information and Compound Sentences)
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate answers.
_________________________1. A phrase is a group of words used as one ______.
_________________________2. A phrase does not contain a(n) ______or a(n) ______.
_________________________3. Prepositional phrase uses a(n) ______ and ends with a(n) _____.
_________________________4. A participle phrase changes a _____ into a(n) ______.
_________________________5. Appositive phrase is a _____ with modifiers that follows a _____ and tells
more about the word it follows.
Add commas where necessary. On the line to the left, write the type of phrase.
NOTE: If a prepositional phrase is PART of another phrase, just label the larger phrase.
___________________1. Working with the community needs and data we will write essays.
___________________2. The essay a formal piece of writing will be used a lot this year!
___________________3. Used a lot in high school the essay is an important writing piece.
___________________4. With over three hundred students in the school Sandy Run is very active.
___________________5. Sandy Run a school in the East develops an career program.
True or False (T or F)
____1. A phrase and independent clause are similar because, by themselves, they do not make sense.
____2. A sentence (or dependent clause) has a subject and verb and makes sense.
____3. An independent clause contains a subject and verb and CAN stand alone.
____4. A dependent clause contains a subject and verb and CAN stand alone.
____5. Phrases become parts of clauses (like leaves are parts of trees).
Label the following as dep. clause (DC), ind. clause (IC), or specific phrase (PrP, AP, PP)!!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
with my lawn mower
beginning the story
if you were my mother
you are my friend
because the roads are slippery
as you ride your bike
over the large mountain
giving the present to her friend
when the movie ended
The Notebook is a wonderful novel
Bonus: What are the three ways to avoid run-ons when you have two independent clauses?
Words, Phrases, & Clauses Punctuation Quiz
(Parenthetical Information and Compound Sentences)
In complete sentences, answer the following questions.
1) What is a phrase?
2) What is an appositive phrase and give an example. (Label the appositive.)
3) What two things does a clause have that a phrase does not have?
4) T or F – When two independent clauses are joined, without punctuation, you have a run-on.
5) T or F -- When you cross the first word of a dependent clause out, you WILL HAVE a sentence.
Please correct all grammar, including capitalization and punctuation.
1. Created by director Carl Jerome “the lady of rome” was written in the 1800’s.
2. Yes doctor my friend and neighbor collects science digest a magazine dealing with scientific breakthroughs.
3. Around my birthday I am usually in a good mood I like to eat cake and ice cream.
4. “did you mom get a present for my teacher?” asked Marie. “her birthday you know is on Monday.”
5. When the paper which was due last week appeared on Mrs. Burke’s desk she did not accept it from the
student.
Identify the following as specific phrases or specific clauses.
Ex.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Dep. Clause
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________
since she loves Dave Matthews
after the movie
the best show on earth
faking the injury
the movie ended
when the ship sank
going to the mall with my friends
a fine President
from the shark’s sharp, biting teeth
Using five of the above phrases and clauses – as phrases and clauses -- create a funny and
grammatically-correct writing piece.
Words, Phrases, & Clauses Punctuation Re-Quiz
(Parenthetical Information and Compound Sentences)
Answer the following questions.
1) Why are a dependent clause and a phrase similar?
2) Why are they (above) different?
3) Name the three types of phrases and give an example IN A SENTENCE next to each.
a)
b)
c)
Please correct all grammar, including capitalization and punctuation.
1. Making her debut in acting vanya walked to the microphone at the national music awards.
2. yes I wrote a paper which I turned in last week about homelessness and professor levens a wonderful man
gave me an A
3. Since we are going to win Spirit Day you my wonderful students need to get excited and create a song for
Friday.
4. “did you dad” asked brian, “get a present for sue because her birthday by the way is soon?”
5. In their homerooms the GOLD TEAM hoping to get first place worked hard on the pumpkins
Identify the following as specific phrases or specific clauses.
Ex.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Dep. Clause
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________
since she loves Dave Matthews
my shoes are dirty
licking my face
my beloved dog
the hardest worker in class
I love English
after class ended today
before we moved on to the next presentation
for five years
Using five of the above phrases and clauses – as phrases and clauses -- create a funny and grammaticallycorrect writing piece.