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Transcript
Northern Renaissance Unit Concepts: 1. Though Northern Europe did experience a renewed interest in the arts, it was based more on Medieval styles than Greco-Roman because their roots were in the Medieval traditions. 2. It was very realistic and used ordinary objects to symbolize religious subjects and truths. 3. It was different from the Italian Renaissance in that a. The use of oil paints produced vibrant, rich color not seen in frescoes b. The use of oil allowed the painter to create a surface realism rather than relying on the Italian emphasis on underlying structure, linear perspective, and ordered proportions to achieve realism. Historical Background: 1. Power of ruling aristocracy/ wealthy middle class: 2. Invention of oil paint: Who? What effect? 3. Political Background: A. 15th century- commercial free cities B. Rising power of ruling princes C. 16th century- powerful nations D. France, England, Hapsburgs Northern Renaissance Vocabulary 1. grisaille 2. triptych 3. nominalism 4. genre detail 5. alla prima 6. impasto 7. flamboyant style 8. woodcut 9. engraving 10. etching 11. anamorphic image 12. polyptych 13. lunette 14. miniatures 15. surrealism 16. monochromatic 17. glazes 18. diptych Northern Renaissance vs. Italian Renaissance 15th CENTURY FLANDERS 1. Method of painting: a. Monochromatic- b. Glazes 2. Characteristics a. Rich color tones b. Glowing light c. Surface appearance vs. structure d. Tilted picture planes e. Symbolism 3. Patrons a. Bruges equals Florenceb. Dukes of Burgundy equal MedicisROBERT CAMPIN (c. 1378-1444) 1. Styles is rooted in International Gothic Style 2. Replaces the glamorous with the realistic, symbolic, sober 3. Heavy into symbolism 4. Used several perspective points The Merode Altarpiece/ The Annunciation c. 1425-1428 CLAUS SLUTER Well of Moses JAN VAN EYCK (1390-1441) 1. Worked on Ghent Altarpiece with brother Herbert 2. Inventor of Oil Paints 3. Miniaturist 4. Heavy into symbolism 5. Uses several perspective points The Ghent Altarpiece- 1432 Exterior Adam and Eve panels Central Panel Marriage of Arnolfini and His Bride ROGIER VAN DER WEYDEN 1. Discovered and corrected van Eyck’s limitations 2. Greater impact on 15th century art of the North 3. Stressed human action/drama 4. Concentrates on themes like Pieta/Crucifixion The Escorial Deposition Portrait of a Lady HIERONYMOUS BOSCH (1450-1516) 1. Satirist, irreligious mocker 2. Surrealistic style Garden of Earthly Delights c. 1510 Open Triptych Center Panel Paradise and Hell DIRK BOUTS The Last Supper HUGO VAN DER GOES (c. 1440-1482) 1. Tries to bring a more personal quality to works 2. Joined a monastery at the end of his life where he suffered a mental breakdown and died The Portinari Altarpiece/ Adoration of the Shepherds c. 1476 FRANCE LIMBOURG BROTHERS Les Tres Riches Heures du Duc de Berry January October 16th CENTURY GERMANY MATTHIAS GRÜNEWALD (1480-1528) 1. Was the Universal man of the North- painter, architect, hydraulic engineer, etc. 2. Brilliant colorist of his time-subtle tones, vibrant, odd color harmonies Isenheim Altarpiece c. 1510-1515 Deposition Annunciation Resurrection ALBRECHT DÜRER 1. Studied in Italy and was heavily influenced by their art, particularly Venetians oils. 2. His mission was to bring the Italian Renaissance to the North. 3. Was the “Leonardo of the North”- very famous during his time. 4. Famous for his collection of self-portraits 5. Famed for his mastery of graphic arts: woodcuts, engravings, and etchings. WOODCUTS AND ENGRAVINGS Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse- 1498 Fall of Man- 1504 PAINTINGS Self-Portrait: Durer as Christ 1500 The Hare Four Apostles 1526 HANS HOLBEIN THE YOUNGER (1497-1543) 1. Specialty was portraiture 2. Combined Italian structure, 3D form with Northern realism and detail. 3. Went to England to escape a religious civil war in Germany. Erasmus gave a letter of introduction to Thomas More. 4. Painter to English court under Henry VIII. The French Ambassadors (1533) Thomas More Erasmus Henry VIII 16th CENTURY NETHERLANDS PIETER BRUEGEL THE ELDER (1525-1569) 1. Painted the inter-relationship of man and nature. 2. High-horizoned cosmographical works. (Depicted the world around him) 3. Activities of man- his dominant theme. 4. Studied works of Bosch- they strongly affected him. 5. Spent time in Italy- not truly an influence on him. Hunters in the Snow (1565) The Wedding Feast The Blind Leading the Blind (1568) The Triumph of Death 16th CENTURY SPAIN EL GRECO (Kyrakos Theotolopoulos) 1547-1614 1. Combines Spanish mysticism with Spanish practicality 2. Elongated figures. 3. Born in Crete (late Byzantine); studied in Italy (Mannerism) 4. Dematerialization of form- mysticism 5. Work is not strictly Spanish- it had no antecedents and has no lasting future influence on Spanish artists (simple English: he was one of a kind) Burial of Count Orgaz (1586) View of Toledo Opening of the Fifth Seal of the Apocalypse ARCHITECTURE France Chateau de Chambord: Francis I: PIERRE LESCOT Louvre, Paris: Spain Escorial Palace