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Early Stages of the Civil War Northern Advantages 1. Union had far more railroads, canals and roads, making it easier to move supplies and men. 2. The Union produced more than 90% of the country’s weapons, clothing, shoes and iron, providing the North with more supplies. 3. Union was able to raise more money. Southern Advantages 1. Southerners thought that their rural way of life would give them an advantage over the North, many were hunters and were familiar with weapons. 2. The South had a history of producing great military leaders. A larger amount of the Mexican War veterans came from the South. 3. Most of the battles were fought on Southern land, giving the Confederates an advantage since they were more familiar with the terrain. Union Strategies President Lincoln sought advice on how to win the war from the Mexican War General Winfield Scott, who planned a strategy in three parts. 1. First was a blockade of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the Confederacy, which is the shutting off of an area with troops and ships in order to keep people and supplies from moving in or out. 2. Second part of the plan was to capture territory along the Mississippi River, which would weaken the South by cutting its states in two. 3. Third was the Anaconda Plan. The Union would attack the South from the east and west. Confederate “Strategies” 1. The Confederacy believed that it only had to defend its territory until the North got tired and gave up 2. Southerners believed its soldiers would fight harder for their land and way of life. 3. South believed that Britain would assist them in the war since its textile mills depended on Southern cotton. The British allowed the South to build several of its warships in British shipyards, but did not send soldiers. Early Battles of the Civil War Lincoln sent 35,000 troops to the south from Washington DC to invade Richmond, Virginia, the capitol of the Confederacy. On their way, Union and Confederate troops met at a small stream called Bull Run near the town of Manassas Junction, Virginia. First Battle of Bull Run o Most troops on both sides were new to war. o Early on, fighting was in favor of the Union. o Most Confederate soldiers began to turn back, but General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson ordered his men to hold their place. o More Confederate troops arrived, turning the battle in their favor. o Casualties Union lost 3,000 Confederacy lost 2,000 Battle of Antietam o Fought on September 17, 1862 near Sharpsburg, Maryland. o Robert E Lee was the Confederate general at Antietam. o An important victory for the Union. o After this battle, Britain ended its support for the Confederacy. New Kind of War New technology used o Rifles could shoot farther and more accurately. o Railroads quickly moved troops and supplies. o Submarines were used by the Confederacy. o Both sides used an early version of the hand grenade. o The ironclad was an iron-covered ship. These new technologies led to higher casualties, however medical knowledge had not advanced as well, leaving soldiers to die from disease and infection Life During the War Mathew Brady took photographic pictures of the casualties on the battlefield. He also took pictures of their time at camp outside of battle. Average age of a Civil War soldier was around 25, however, drummer boys as young as 12 sometimes went into battle to fight. Soldiers might march as much as 25 miles a day while carrying 50-60 pounds of supplies in backpacks. The Union blockade prevented the supplies from getting to the Confederate soldiers, making the war especially hard on the South. Food soldiers often ate were o beans o bacon o pickled beef o salt pork o hardtack Soldiers often hunted meat or raided local farms. Volunteers to fight in the war decreased as it dragged on, forcing both the Union and Confederate governments to pass draft laws, which required men of a certain age to serve in the military if they are told to serve. o In the North, men could pay $300 to avoid fighting in the war. o In the South, slaveowners with 20 or more slaves could pay for a substitute to take his place. o The draft was not popular because it favored the wealthy “A rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight.” Losses o Total of about one million soldiers were killed or wounded. o Disease was the most common cause of death. Doctors did not know how to prevent germs from infecting wounds. Emancipation Proclamation o Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. o Was a statement that freed all slaves in the Confederate states at war with the Union. “Slaves within any State…in rebellion against the United States, shall be then…and forever free.” o Did not end slavery in the border states or in Confederate land that Union forces already controlled. o Since Union forces did not control these areas, most African Americans remained enslaved. African Americans in the War o Early in the war, African Americans served as cooks, servants and workers. o Massachusetts 54th Colored Regiment a regiment of 600 to 1,000 African American soldiers and was the first group of African American troops organized for combat in the Union army. Led an attack at Fort Wagner in South Carolina and lost 4 out of every 10 men. William Carney served as a sergeant in battle, was seriously wounded, but never dropped the regiment’s flag. The bravery of this regiment made the Union realize that African Americans were capable of fighting. Nearly 200,000 African Americans fought for the Union in the Civil War and 37,000 lost their lives. In June of 1864, Congress voted to give both black and white troops equal pay. Women in the War o Women contributed to the war effort by Running farms and businesses while their husbands were away Becoming teachers and office workers Becoming spies Belle Boyd was one of the most famous Confederate spies. She continued spying even after being arrested 6 times. Women in both the north and south commonly worked as nurses and caregivers in hospitals. Clara Barton cared for soldiers on both sides of the war. “While our soldiers stand and fight, I can stand and feed and nurse them.” Was called the Angel of the Battlefield Organized the American Association of the Red Cross to help victims of war and natural disasters. o Women dealt with shortages in supplies as well, making the prices of them rise dramatically. o Average Southern family’s monthly food bill rose from $6.65 just before the war to $68 in 1863. Women in Richmond protested the rise of food prices o Women sewed clothing for the soldiers, rolled bandages, sold personal possessions, and sent any food they could spare to the armies. War Goes On By 1863, soldiers on both sides of the war were extremely tired of the war. Soldiers struggled with a lack of supplies, delays in pay, sleeping exposed to the rain and the death of friends and family members. Many men began refusing to go to war. Battle of Gettysburg o one of the most important victories for the Union o fought in Gettysburg, PA o July 1, 1863, the Confederates, led by Lee, pushed Union soldiers back, but missed an opportunity to pursue the Union and follow up on their attack o July 3, 1863, more than 150 Confederate cannons fired at Union troops, which responded by firing their own cannons. The sound was so loud, that it could be heard 140 miles away in Pittsburgh. o Lee’s advance was stopped and he retreated back to Virginia. o Battle led to over 23,000 Union casualties and over 28,000 Confederate casualties. o Gettysburg Address In November 1863, the Gettysburg battlefield was made into a national cemetery to honor the men that died there. Lincoln spoke at the ceremony, giving this famous address, which was important for inspiring the Union to keep fighting. Made it clear that a united country and the end of slavery was worth fighting for. Battle of Vicksburg o General Ulysses S. Grant led the Union forces at Vicksburg, Mississippi. o Forces began a blockade of the city in Vicksburg, MS. o Union bombarded Vicksburg with cannon fire by land and sea for 48 days. o Many people in the town dug out caves in the hillsides to protect themselves. o Confederate soldiers and civilians faced starvation under this Union blockade. o July 4, 1863, one day after the Battle of Gettysburg ended, the South surrendered at Vicksburg. The War Comes to an End Sherman’s March to Sea o William Tecumseh Sherman moved his army toward Atlanta, Georgia, a major southern industrial and railway center, and the city fell to the Union troops on September 2, 1864. o Sherman believed in total war - the aim is to destroy not just the opposing army, but the people’s will to fight. o Sherman’s men ordered all to leave Atlanta and burned nearly the entire city. o In November, Sherman’s army began moving southeast toward Savannah, Georgia Marched 300 miles in a 60-mile wide path, destroying everything that would help the South to fight, causing $100 million worth of damage to… Houses Railroads Barns Fields Savannah fell without a fight on December 21, 1864 “I…present to you as a Christmas gift the city of Savannah.” ~ Sherman to Lincoln Sherman’s men then moved north to South Carolina, causing even more destruction. Union soldiers captured Richmond, VA on April 3, 1865. o Lee’s army of 55,000 was tired and starving and Grant’s force of about 113,000 trapped them Lee and Grant met in a farmhouse in Appomattox Court House, VA on April 9, 1865 to discuss terms of Lee’s surrender. o Grant allowed Lee’s men to go free. o Southerners could keep their own weapons and any horses they still had. o Grant offered food from Union supply for Lee’s men. o Grant so highly respected Lee, that when the Southern general returned to his men, Grant silenced Union soldiers who were cheering, explaining that “The war is over; the rebels are our countrymen again.” Results of the war o About 620,000 soldiers died during the Civil War o Towns, farms and industries were ruined, mostly in the South. o Families were torn apart by the struggle. Reconstruction o Assassination of President Lincoln o John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln at Ford’s Theater on April 14, 1865, being the first president to ever be assassinated Booth supported the Confederacy o Vice President Andrew Johnson became the new president after Lincoln’s assassination o o o o o o Wanted to carry out Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction Refers to the time of healing and rebuilding of the country after the war 13th Amendment o Abolished, or ended, slavery throughout the nation o Took effect on December 18, 1865 Confederate states would be readmitted into the Union o These states had to pledge to obey federal laws and to deal fairly with the newly freed African Americans Black Codes o Southern laws that denied African American men the right to vote or act as jurors on a trial o Under the Black Codes, African Americans Could not own guns or land Could not take certain jobs Were sometimes arrested and fined if they were out of work Lived lives very similar to how they did while they were slaves Reconstruction Act of 1867 o 20,000 federal troops were sent to the South to maintain order, supervise elections and to prevent discrimination against African Americans (lasted for about 10 years) o Required Southern states to write new state constitutions giving African American men the right to vote o Also prevented former Confederate leaders and military officers from voting or holding elected office Freedmen’s Bureau was established to help the 4 million freedmen, or former slaves, after the war. o Built hospitals and schools in the South o Hired African American and white teachers from the North and South o African Americans became elected officials for the first time Tensions in the South were caused by o Carpetbaggers Northerners who moved South to start businesses. They were given this name because they carried their belongings in suitcases made from carpet. o o o o o Accused of profiting from the hardships in the South o High taxes o New offices that some African Americans had earned New Amendments o 14th Amendment was ratified in July 1868 Gave African Americans citizenship and said that no state could deny the equal protection of the law to all citizens o 15th Amendment was ratified in March 1870 Gave all male citizens the right to vote Did NOT give voting rights to women Johnson tried to block the passage of several laws that granted rights to African Americans because he felt that the laws were unlawful because they were passed without the representation of the Southern states in Congress o Angered by this, Republicans in Congress tried to impeach Johnson To bring charges of unlawful action against an elected official by the House of Representatives Johnson avoided being removed from office by one vote in May 1868. By 1870, all Southern states met the Reconstruction requirements and were readmitted to the Union Whites in the South tried to prevent blacks from voting in several ways o Voting booths were set up far from African American communities o Often changed locations of the boots without informing African Americans o Poll taxes were required in some states in order to vote – which African Americans usually could not pay o Reading tests were given before they could vote o “Grandfather Clause” said that blacks could vote if their father or grandfather had voted before 1867, which kept most African Americans from voting since they had not gained the right to vote until 1870. Jim Crow Laws o These Laws enforced segregation or separation of blacks and whites o Sharecropping was forced upon African Americans, so they were forced to return to the plantation where they worked as slaves because they could not find work elsewhere o They rented land from the landowners and paid their rent with a portion of their crops o They then used the rest of their crop to pay for their food, clothing and the equipment they needed to farm o The cost of this was usually higher than the pay they received o Public schools were established in the South and many industries were expanded during Reconstruction o It would take many decades for African Americans to gain the freedoms that Reconstruction hoped to guarantee.