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Name: _____________________________________________ Date: _____________________ Period: ____ Unit 9 Notes: Ecology Part A: Ecology Basics ________________= the study of the interactions between organisms and the _______________ and _______________ components of their environment Levels of Organization in Ecology 1. Biosphere= the thin volume of Earth and its _________________ that supports ______ 2. Biome = major habitat areas, either terrestrial (on land) or ____________ (in water) List two examples of biomes: ______________ and ______________ 3. Ecosystems = all the organisms and ______________ things in a particular place 4. Communities = all the interacting ______________ in an area (only ____________ things) 5. Populations = all the members of a single ______________that live in one place at one time (ex: ________________) 6. Organisms = An ______________ living thing (like you!) Two types of factors in the environment: _________________ factors are living and ___________________ factors are non-living Example Biotic Factors: __________________, _________________ Example Abioitic Factors: __________________, _________________ _______________ = the role an organism plays in its environment (includes __________, ways of obtaining nutrients, etc.) 1. ________________ Niche = the range of conditions and resources a species COULD use/tolerate 2. ________________ Niche = the range of conditions and resources a species actually DOES use/tolerate Is a species’ habitat the same as its niche? Given an example. __________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Generalists = species with ____________ niches (ex: _________________________) Specialists = species with _____________ niches (ex: ________________________) Part B: Succession Ecological Succession: a series of changes in a ________________ in which new populations of organisms gradually ____________ existing ones Succession that begins in an area where there is no existing community is called __________________________ What are two examples of primary succession? The first organisms to occupy an area going through primary succession are a _______________________________ What are some common characteristics of pioneer species? Succession that occurs in an area where an existing community has been partially destroyed is called _____________________________. What is an example of secondary succession? Eventually succession slows down, and a stable community is established. This is called a __________________________________. Part C: Energy Transfer in an Ecosystem The ultimate source of all energy on earth is the ____________ Roles of Organisms in Energy Transfer: 1. Producers: capture energy from ___________ and use it to make simple energy-rich molecules (ex: glucose). Another name for a producer is an ______________. Example Organisms: ______________________________________________ 2. Consumers: cannot make their own food, must obtain ______________ by eating other organisms. Another name for a consumer is a _____________________. Example organisms: ______________________________________________ 3 Types of Consumers: _________________ eat meat only, __________________ eat meat and plants, ____________________ eat only palnts There are different “_____________levels” that represent the different levels in energy transfer. An organism that eats a producer is called a ________________________. An organism that eats the primary consumer is called a ______________________________. Algae Zooplankton Mackerel Squid Shark How many trophic levels are in the food chain shown above? _______________ (Note an arrow pointing from squid to shark means the squid is going into the shark’s tum-tum) Identify the trophic level of each organism in the food chain shown above. Organism Algae Zooplankton Mackerel Squid Shark Trophic Level Oh no!!! One trophic level was left out of our food chain. Which one is it?! Name of Level: __________________ or _____________________ Description: __________________________________________________________________ Food Webs vs. Food Chains: Which is a better method for showing the energy-transfer relationships in an ecosystem and why? ___________________________________________________________________________ Food Web Practice: Take a close look at the food web pictured below. Answer the questions to the right of the food web. A) Which organism is a producer? _____________ B) Which organisms are primary consumers? ____________________________________ C) Which organism is both a secondary and tertiary consumer? ___________________ D) What does the snake eat? ____________________________________ E) Which organism would be most affected by the extinction of the cricket? ______________ The total mass of organic matter (living stuff) at each trophic level is called the _____________. Only _________% of the energy/biomass from one level can be transferred to the next level. Why is this? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Fill in the numbers and percentages in the biomass and energy pyramids below to show the inefficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels. Biomass Pyramid Energy Pyramid Part C: Community Relationships Symbiosis = close _______________ between members of different ________________ Types of Symbioses Type Predation Definition One organism _________ another organism for food (the 2nd organism dies) Parasitism one organism __________ and the other organism is harmed (the 2nd organism does not die) Both organisms are __________ by the interaction when they try to use the same ______________ Competition Mutualism Symbols Example ____ / ____ ____ / ____ ____ / ____ both organisms ________ from each other ____ / ____ Commensalism one organism ___________and the other organism is ___________ (not helped or harmed) ____ / ____ Match each situation below with the correct type of symbiosis and provide a reason for your choice. 1. The mycelium of a Mycorrhizal fungi attaches to the root system of a tree thereby increasing the surface area of the roots. The tree in return provides the mycelium excess sugars. Type of Symbiosis and Reason ___________________________________________ 2. Raspberry seeds are unaffected by the acids and enzymes of animal digestive tracts. Birds that feed on the nutritious raspberry excrete (poop out!) the raspberry seeds in a location other than the original raspberry bush. Type of Symbiosis and Reason: ___________________________________________ 3. Tapeworms live in the digestive tract of many animals and eat most of the nutrients entering the digestive system before the host animal can absorb any of it. Type of Symbiosis and Reason: ___________________________________________ 4. Clown fish often hide in the tentacles of a sea anemone. The clown fish produces a mucous preventing them from being paralyzed by the sting of a sea anemone tentacle. The sea anemone is unaffected by the presence of the clown fish. Type of Symbiosis and Reason: __________________________________________ Part D: Populations Population = a group of organisms of the same _________________ that live in a particular ________ Population Growth (increasing the _______ of a population) usually cannot continue forever. When a population can no longer grow, it has reached its _____________. Things that affect population growth can be either ______________ (living) or _____________ (nonliving), and can depend on how big the population already is! Limiting Factors = Components of the environment that _____________ the growth of a population. 1. Density Dependent = limits the size of a population when the population reaches a certain _____________ (number of organisms per area) Examples: _______________________________________________________________ 2. Density Independent = limits the size of a population no matter what the ___________ is Examples: ________________________________________________________________ There are two types of population growth based on whether there are limiting factors present. 1. Exponential Growth= population increases ____________in size (can only happen for __________periods of time when there are no ____________ factors) We call the graph pictured to the right a _____________ curve. Example of Exponential Growth in Nature: _______________________________________ 2. Logistic Growth= population grows _______________ for some time and then stops growing once it reaches its _____________________, the total number of individuals the environment can support We call the graph pictured to the right a _____________ curve. Make sure to label the carrying capacity on your graph! Example of Logistic Growth in Nature: __________________________________________ Human Population Growth 1. Useful Measurements: ________________, _________________ (AKA mortality rate), ________________, and _________________. The image above shows two age structure pyramids. The left pyramid shows the age structure in France, and the right pyramid shows the age structure in India. What is different about these two pyramids? _________________________________________________________________________ Which country/population seems to be growing more? ______________________________ List several reasons why a developed country like France might have a different age structure than a developing country like India _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 2. The growth rate is determined by ______________, ______________, _______________, and ________________. Immigration = the movement of organisms ___________ a population Emigration = the movement of organisms ___________ a population 3. Limiting Factors for Human Populations: What are some density-dependent factors that could affect human population growth? _________________________________________________________________________ What are some density-independent factors that could affect human population growth? _________________________________________________________________________