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Preface for Mastering the World of Psychology, 1st edition Samuel E. Wood Lindenwood University Ellen Green Wood Denise Boyd Houston Community College System Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology An Introduction The Scientific Method The Goals of Psychology Critical Thinking Descriptive Research Methods Naturalistic and Laboratory Observation The Case Study Method Survey Research Selecting a Sample Advantages and Disadvantages of Survey Research The Experimental Method Independent and Dependent Variables Experimental and Control Groups Generalizing Experimental Findings Potential Problems in Experimental Research Selection Bias The Placebo Effect Experimenter Bias Advantages and Limitations of the Experimental Method The Correlational Method The Correlation Coefficient Correlation and Prediction Psychological Tests Participants in Psychological Research Ethics in Research Participant-Related Bias in Psychological Research The Use of Animals in Research Exploring Psychology's Roots The Founding of Psychology Functionalism Women and Minorities Schools of Thought in Psychology Behaviorism Psychoanalysis Humanistic Psychology Cognitive Psychology Gestalt Psychology Information-Processing Theory Cognitive Psychology Today Current Trends in Psychology Evolutionary Psychology Biological (Physiological) Psychology Sociocultural Approaches Psychological Perspectives Psychologists at Work Apply It! Studying: When, Where, and How? Summarize It! Study Guide for Chapter 1 Practice Tests for Chapter 1 Chapter 2: Biology and Behavior The Neurons and the Neurotransmitters The Neurons Neurotransmitters The Effects of Drugs on Neural Transmission The Variety of Neurotransmitters The Central Nervous System The Spinal Cord The Brainstem The Cerebellum The Midbrain The Thalamus and Hypothalamus The Limbic System The Cerebral Hemispheres The Frontal Lobes The Parietal Lobes The Occipital Lobes The Temporal Lobes Specialized Functions of the Left Hemisphere: Specialized Functions of the Right Hemisphere: The Split Brain Discovering the Brain's Mysteries The EEG and the Microelectrode The CT Scan and Magnetic Resonance Imaging The PET Scan, fMRI, and Other Imaging Techniques The Peripheral Nervous System The Endocrine System Apply It! Handedness: Genes or Culture? Summarize It! Study Guide for Chapter 2 Practice Tests for Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Sensation and Perception The Process of Sensation The Absolute Threshold The Difference Threshold Sensory Adaptation Vision The Eye Color Vision Hearing Sound The Ear Theories of Hearing Smell and Taste Smell Taste The Other Senses The Skin Senses Pain Psychological and Cultural Influences on the Experience of Pain The Kinesthetic and Vestibular Senses Perception The Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization Perceptual Constancy Depth Perception Extraordinary Perceptions Cultural Differences in the Perception of Visual Illusions Additional Influences on Perception Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing Perceptual Set Apply It! Noise and Hearing Loss Summarize It! Study Guide for Chapter 3 Practice Tests for Chapter 3 Chapter 4: States of Consciousness What Is Consciousness? Circadian Rhythms Jet Lag and Shift Work Sleep NREM and REM Sleep Sleep Cycles Variations in Sleep The Functions of Sleep Sleep Deprivation Dreaming Interpreting Dreams Parasomnias Major Sleep Disorders Altering Consciousness through Concentration and Suggestion Meditation Hypnosis Culture and Altered States of Consciousness Altered States of Consciousness and Psychoactive Drugs Substance Abuse Drug Dependence Types of Psychoactive Drugs and Their Effects Apply It! Should You Kick Your Caffeine Habit? Summarize It! Study Guide for Chapter 4 Practice Tests for Chapter 4 Chapter 5: Learning Classical Conditioning Pavlov and Classical Conditioning John Watson, Little Albert, and Peter Contemporary Views of Classical Conditioning The Cognitive Perspective Biological Predispositions Classical Conditioning in Everyday Life Operant Conditioning Thorndike and the Law of Effect B. F. Skinner and Operant Conditioning Reinforcement Schedules of Reinforcement Punishment Making Punishment More Effective Culture and Punishment Escape and Avoidance Learning Applications of Operant Conditioning Cognitive Learning Insight and Latent Learning Observational Learning Apply It! How to Win the Battle against Procrastination Summarize It! Study Guide for Chapter 5 Practice Tests for Chapter 5 Chapter 6: Memory Remembering The Three Processes in Memory The Three Memory Systems The Levels-of-Processing Model Three Kinds of Memory Tasks The Nature of Remembering Memory as a Reconstruction Eyewitness Testimony Recovering Repressed Memories Flashbulb Memories Memory and Culture Factors Influencing Retrieval The Serial Position Effect Environmental Context and Memory The State-Dependent Memory Effect Biology and Memory Brain Damage Neuronal Changes in Memory Hormones and Memory Forgetting Ebbinghaus and the First Experimental Studies on Forgetting The Causes of Forgetting Improving Memory Apply It! Improving Memory with Mnemonic Devices Summarize It! Study Guide for Chapter 6 Practice Tests for Chapter 6 Chapter 7: Cognition, Language, and Creativity Imagery and Concepts Decision The Additive Strategy 203 Heuristics Framing Problem Solving Impediments to Problem Solving Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Language The Structure of Language Animal Language Language and Thinking Bilingualism Language and the Brain The Nature of Intelligence The Search for a Useful Definition of Intelligence Measuring Intelligence Requirements of Good Tests The Range of Intelligence The IQ Testing Controversy The Heritability of IQ Scores Environmental Effects on IQ Gender Differences in Cognitive Abilities Cultural Beliefs, Expectations, Effort, and Academic Achievement Emotional Intelligence Creativity Apply It! How to Build a Powerful Vocabulary Summarize It! Study Guide for Chapter 7 Practice Tests for Chapter 7 Chapter 8: Human Development Issues in Developmental Psychology Stage Theories of Development Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Cultural Influences on Cognitive Development An Evaluation of Piaget’s Contribution Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Levels of Moral Development Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Theory Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development Research on Erikson’s Theory Heredity and Prenatal Development The Mechanism of Heredity: Genes and Chromosomes The Stages of Prenatal Development Negative Influences on Prenatal Development Infancy Perceptual Development Learning and Motor Development Temperament Attachment The Process of Forming an Attachment Variations in Security of Attachment The Father-Child Relationship Early and Middle Childhood Language Development Stages of Language Development Theories of Language Development Learning to Read Socialization The Parents' Role in Socialization Group Differences in Parenting Styles Peer Relationships Gender-Role Development The Influence of Television Adolescence Puberty Sexuality and Adolescence Teenage Pregnancy Adolescent Thought Social Relationships Early and Middle Adulthood Physical Changes Intellectual Capacity Careers Personality and Social Development Later Adulthood Physical Changes Cognitive Changes Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Types of Dementia Social Adjustment Cultural Differences in Care for the Elderly Death and Dying Apply It! The Importance of Prenatal Care Summarize It! Study Guide for Chapter 8 Practice Tests for Chapter 8 Chapter 9: Motivation and Emotion What Is Motivation? Defining Motivation Instinct Theories Drive-Reduction Theory Arousal Theory Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Hunger Internal and External Cues Explaining Variations in Body Weight Dieting Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Sexual Motives Sexual Attitudes and Behavior Sexual Desire and Arousal Sexual Orientation Determinants of Sexual Orientation The Developmental Experiences of Gay Men and Lesbians Social Motives The What and Why of Emotions Explaining the Components of Emotions Emotion and the Brain The Expression of Emotion The Range of Emotion Facial Expressions Cultural Rules for Displaying Emotion Experiencing Emotion The Facial-Feedback Hypothesis Gender Differences in Experiencing Emotion Apply It! The Quest for Happiness Summarize It! Study Guide for Chapter 9 Practice Tests for Chapter 9 Chapter 10: Health and Stress Sources of Stress Holmes and Rahe's Social Readjustment Rating Scale Daily Hassles of Life Making Choices Unpredictability and Lack of Control Stress in the Workplace Catastrophic Events Racism and Stress Responding to Stress Selye and the General Adaptation Syndrome Lazarus's Cognitive Theory of Stress Coping Strategies Health and Illness Two Approaches to Health and Illness Coronary Heart Disease Cancer The Immune System Stress and the Immune System Personal Factors Reducing the Impact of Stress and Illness Lifestyle and Health Smoking and Health Alcohol Abuse Exercise Apply It! Should You Turn to the Internet for Health Advice? Summarize It! Study Guide for Chapter 10 Practice Tests for Chapter 10 Chapter 11: Personality Theory and Assessment Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis The Conscious, the Preconscious, and the Unconscious The Id, the Ego, and the Superego Defense Mechanisms The Psychosexual Stages of Development Evaluating Freud's Contribution The Neo-Freudians Learning Theories and Personality Humanistic Personality Theories Trait Theories Factor Models of Personality The Situation Versus Trait Debate Nature, Nurture, and Personality Personality and Culture Personality Assessment Observation, Interviews, and Rating Scales Personality Inventories Projective Tests Apply It! How to Practice Positive Psychology Summarize It! Study Guide for Chapter 11 Practice Tests for Chapter 11 Chapter 12: Psychological Disorders What Is Abnormal? Defining Mental Disorders Prevalence of Psychological Disorders Perspectives on the Causes, Treatment, and Diagnosis of Psychological Disorders Schizophrenia Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia Brain Abnormalities in Schizophrenics Types of Schizophrenia The Causes of Schizophrenia Gender and Schizophrenia Mood Disorders Depressive Disorders Gender, Culture, and Depression Bipolar Disorder Causes of Mood Disorders Suicide and Race, Gender, and Age Anxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder Panic Disorder Phobias Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders Somatoform Disorders Dissociative Disorders Other Psychological Disorders Sexual Disorders Personality Disorders Apply It! Overcoming the Fear of Public Speaking Summarize It! Study Guide for Chapter 12 Practice Tests for Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Therapies Insight Therapies Psychodynamic Therapies Humanistic Therapies Gestalt Therapy Relationship Therapies Interpersonal Therapy Couple and Family Therapy Group Therapy Behavior Therapies Behavior Modification Techniques Based on Operant Conditioning Therapies Based on Classical Conditioning Exposure and Response Prevention Aversion Therapy Participant Modeling Cognitive Therapies Rational-Emotive Therapy Cognitive Therapy The Biological Therapies Drug Therapy Electroconvulsive Therapy Psychosurgery Evaluating the Therapies Culturally Sensitive and Gender-Sensitive Therapy Apply It! E-Therapy: Is It Right for You? Summarize It! Study Guide for Chapter 13 Practice Tests for Chapter 13 Chapter 14: Social Psychology Social Perception Impression Formation Attribution Attraction Factors Influencing Attraction Physical Attractiveness Romantic Attraction and Mating Sternberg’s Theory of Love Social Influence Conformity Obedience Compliance Group Influence Social Facilitation Social Loafing Group Polarization and Groupthink Social Roles Attitudes and Attitude Change Attitudes Persuasion Prosocial Behavior Reasons for Helping The Bystander Effect Aggression Biological Factors in Aggression Aggression in Response to Frustration and Aversive Events The Social Learning Theory of Aggression The Media and Aggression Prejudice and Discrimination The Roots of Prejudice and Discrimination Discrimination in the Workplace Is Prejudice Increasing or Decreasing? Apply It! “Unlearning” Prejudice Summarize It! Study Guide for Chapter 14 Practice Tests for Chapter 14 PREFACE Look around any college classroom today, and you’ll find one commonality: Today’s students are not the same students that filled our classrooms in yesteryear--or even five years ago. No, students today are more diverse, more mobile, and more technologically astute than ever. Over the years we, the authors of this text, have witnessed tremendous changes in the field, in our students, and in ourselves as well. Having taught many thousands of students their first course in psychology, we are sensitive to the ever-changing complexities and subtleties of the teaching/learning process that accompany this transition. Since the first edition of The World of Psychology – the comprehensive Introductory text, we have sought to create a textbook that was sensitive to the changing needs of modern students and their professors while providing a context in which students may learn about psychology's past, its present, and its probable future. We presented the principles of psychology using a clear and engaging writing style and a pedagogically sound learning format that is both accessible and appealing to students. Our goals for Mastering the World of Psychology, our brief text, is to introduce the diverse world of psychology to our ever increasingly diverse student population. Joining the Author team: Denise Boyd, Ed.D. Denise Boyd of Houston Community College, joins us, Samuel Wood and Ellen Green Wood, to author Mastering the World of Psychology. Dr. Boyd has taught introductory psychology courses at Houston Community College - Central for 17 years (and has used The World of Psychology since its first edition!). Houston Community College - Central is an urban community college known for its diversity. The ethnic breakdown among the American students is about 30 percent African American, 20 percent Hispanic, 5 percent Caucasian, and 5 percent Asian in population. In addition, about 40 percent of the students are from other countries. The Houston Community College system, with its diverse student body, has given Dr. Boyd extensive experience with teaching students from varied ages, economic, educational, and cultural backgrounds. Along with her substantial teaching experience, Dr. Boyd brings to the author team a background in learning and development. In addition, Dr. Boyd received the Faculty Association Teaching Excellence Award from the HCC Faculty Association in 1995, and is the co-author (with Helen Bee) of Lifespan Development, 3rd edition (2002, Allyn & Bacon) and The Developing Child, 10th edition (2004, Allyn & Bacon). Dr. Boyd is truly in tune with today’s diverse student population! Goals and Objectives of This Text We understand that reading about psychology is not enough. We believe students should be actively involved in psychology. Highly interactive and engaging, this textbook encourages students to think for themselves as they learn about, relate to, and apply the psychological principles that affect their lives. Additionally, various learning tools in the text guide students to success. To accomplish our goals, we set the following objectives— Maintain a Clear, Understandable Writing Style First and foremost, a textbook is a teaching instrument. It cannot be a novel; nor should it be an esoteric, academic treatise. A good psychology textbook must communicate clearly to a diverse audience of various ages and levels of academic ability. Our text is appealing to accomplished students, yet accessible to students whose academic skills are yet to be fully developed. We seek to achieve this objective by explaining concepts in much the same way as we do in our own psychology classes. This text is filled with everyday examples pertinent to students' lives. Encourage Students to Become Active Participants in the Learning Process Reading about psychology is not enough. Students should be able to practice what they have learned, when appropriate. Many of the principles we teach can be demonstrated without elaborate equipment and sometimes as the student reads. Our Try Its! features personalize psychology, making it simple for students to actively relate psychology to their everyday lives. Show the Practical Applications of Psychology One of our goals is to help students apply psychology to their lives. The Apply It! section at the end of every chapter shows the practical applications of the principles of psychology and demonstrates the role of psychology in daily life. An example of some Apply It! topics: Caffeine addiction Prenatal care Positive psychology Fear of public speaking Building your vocabulary E-therapy. Help Students Understand and Appreciate Human Diversity We are dedicated to the goal of promoting understanding of human diversity. Diversity has been woven throughout the text. In Mastering the World of Psychology, we have taken diversity a step further—every chapter has at least one Cultures Around the World section. These sections discuss psychological principles as they relate to cultures outside the United States. Provide an Accurate and Thoroughly Researched Textbook Featuring Original Sources To accomplish our goal of introducing the world of psychology accurately and clearly, we have gone back to original sources and have read and reread the basic works of the major figures in psychology and the classic studies in the field. For each revision this has meant more than 10,000 pages of photocopied research (and a basement approaching fire hazard status!). This reading has enabled us to write with greater clarity and assurance, rather than having to hedge or write tentatively when discussing what experts in the field have actually said. This book is one of the most carefully researched, up-to-date, and extensively referenced of all introductory psychology textbooks. Integrated Interactive Learning Each chapter provides multiple ways for students to test their knowledge. Some of the superior learning tools are: Review & Reflect. Review & Reflect consolidate a wealth of information from the text into an at-a-glance chart, for easy student review and comprehension. Margin Learning Questions. Margin learning questions are found in the margins of the text. The questions help students focus on the key concepts of a section. Summarize It! Summarize It! is found at the end of the chapter. It repeats the margin learning questions and then answers these questions. Chapter-ending Study Guide. Mastering the World of Psychology includes a comprehensive Study Guide at the end of every chapter. Practice Tests. Every chapter has two practice tests, found at the end of the text – in addition to the study guide at the end of the chapter. Each practice test has 20 multiplechoice questions, 10 True/ False questions, and a few short-answer questions. Additional Learning Tools In addition to in-text learning tools, several other study aids exist to help students succeed. Psych Tutor The Tutor Center provides students with free tutoring from qualified college psychology instructors on all material in the text. Tutors are available via phone, fax, e-mail, or Internet during the Tutor Center hours of 5 pm – 12 am EST, Sunday through Thursday. Companion Website http://www.ablongman.com/woodmastering1/e A unique resource for connecting the textbook to the Internet. Each chapter includes: Learning Objectives Chapter summaries Updated and annotated web links for additional sources of information Flash Card glossary terms Introduction to Psychology timeline Online practice tests Psychology activities iSearch with Research Navigator: Psychology This easy to read guide helps point students in the right direction as they explore the tremendous array of information on psychology on the Internet. The guide also provides a wide range of additional annotated web links for further exploration. iSearch also contains an access code to Research Navigator, Allyn & Bacon’s online collection of academic and popular journals. Research Navigator™ Allyn & Bacon's new Research Navigator™ is the easiest way for students to start a research assignment or research paper. Complete with extensive help on the research process and three exclusive databases of credible and reliable source material including EBSCO's ContentSelect Academic Journal Database, New York Times Search by Subject Archive, and "Best of the Web" Link Library, Research Navigator™ helps students quickly and efficiently make the most of their research time. Mind Matters II CD-ROM New! The Allyn & Bacon Mind Matters II CD-ROM makes psychology more engaging, interactive, informative and fun! Mind Matters II covers the “core” concepts of psychology through a combination of text, graphics, simulations, video clips of historic experiments, and activities. Assessments test comprehension at both the topic and unit levels. New to Mind Matters II innovative modules on Personality, Developmental Psychology and Social Psychology. Highlights Since the 4th edition of The World of Psychology much new research has come out. Below are some of the new topics and information found exclusively in the brief version. Chapter 1 Opening vignette on globalization and the information age Discussion of history, schools of thought, and current trends; new structure clarifies for reader which approaches (e.g., structuralism, functionalism) are strictly historical and which continue to be influential (e.g., psychoanalysis) Discussion of evolutionary and biological perspectives Review & Reflect table summarizing psychological perspectives now includes example of how each would approach a particular research finding (memory decline in old age) Try It challenges students to find out whether small samples can be truly representative of large populations Chapter 2 Full section on midbrain featuring substantia nigra (Parkinson’s disease) All information on brain structures combined into the same section Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas are now discussed along with language control in left hemisphere Cultural focus in Handedness: Genes or Culture? Apply It! Review & Reflect table on Glands, Hormones, and Their Functions Detailed figures showing divisions of human nervous system Color-coded figure, showing major structures of the human brain, including the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain Complete section on the Effects of Drugs on Neural Transmission Chapter 3 Opening vignette on Helen Keller Photo collage illustrating monocular depth cues Try It on illusions Cutting edge information on infection-related hearing loss in children, smell and dementia, and aggression and menstrual synchrony Intriguing section on Psychological and Cultural Influences in the Experience of Pain Chapter 4 High interest vignette on the drug MDMA (Ecstasy) and rave dances Apply It! on caffeine addiction Try It! on dream control Psychoactive Drugs section has been organized to place greater emphasis on generic neurological information about the effects of drugs on consciousness rather than deleterious health consequences and the mechanisms underlying addiction Chapter 5 Observational Learning section carefully written to clarify the different kinds of learning from observation. This clarifies the difference between the scientific study of observational learning and the common-sense observation that we learn from watching other people. Also, Bandura’s theory is now known as social-cognitive theory, so this term has been introduced. Try It on behavior modification Chapter 6 Vignette featuring a real-life case of faulty memory that sent the wrong man to jail for rape Try It on memory distortion Brain scans showing the hippocampus of London taxi drivers Apply It on mnemonic devices illustrates how memory aids can help students More classic research on memory for stories to Memory and Culture section Chapter 7 High interest vignette on computers’ ability to “think” Complete section on Language and the Brain Up to date information in Artificial Intelligence and Robotics section Current information on bilingualism Apply It! on How to Build a Powerful Vocabulary Try It! on creativity Chapter 8 Chapter is organized so discussion of Piaget, Kohlberg, and Erikson lays foundation for chronological development Most of the chapter now addresses students’ own age group and developmental concerns Vignette on Ruth Simmons, the first African American president of an Ivy League university Information on Marcia’s identity research Apply It on the Importance of Prenatal Care Cognitive development in adolescence focuses on information-processing Gender-Role Development section Coverage of The Influence of Television and Learning to Read Information on cultural differences in parenting styles Figure on sexual activity in high school students Chapter 9 Opening vignette on Orio Palmer, the first firefighter to reach the 78th floor of the World Trade Center’s south tower on September 11, 2001 Substantial coverage of eating disorders section, to clarify that these types of disorders aren’t just extremes of normal dieting Try It on internal vs. external motivation to eat Chapter 10 Health/stress chapter falls before the personality chapter All alcohol information found in this chapter Vignette on Michael J. Fox’s battle with Parkinson’s Disease Apply It!: Should You Turn to the Internet for Health Advice? Try It!s on Holmes & Rahes Social Readjustment Rating Scale and facts about AIDS Figure on Americans’ stress levels after September 11, 2001 Chapter 11 Engaging vignette on the infamous Leopold and Loeb trial Apply It! on positive psychology Try It! on locus of control Table showing the clinical scales of the MMPI-2 Chapter 12 Vignette on Pulitzer Prize winner William Styron’s depression Up to date information on Prevalence of Psychological Disorders Apply It! on Overcoming the Fear of Public Speaking Complete section on Gender and Schizophrenia New section on Gender, Culture, and Depression Try It! on identifying anxiety disorders Latest statistics in figure showing suicide rates Chapter 13 Apply It! on e-therapy Flowchart on rational-emotive therapy Table on mental health professionals, showing training necessary and services provided Chapter 14 Vignette on the classic Milgram experiment Apply It on “Unlearning” Prejudice Complete section on Sternberg’s Theory of Love Cultures Around the World Icons Chapter 1 Section and/or Topic Women and Minorities Current Trends in Psychology: Sociocultural Approaches 2 Handedness: Genes or Culture? 3 Psychological and Cultural Influences on the Experience of Pain Cultural Differences in the Perception of Visual Illusions 4 Culture and Altered States of Consciousness 5 Culture and Punishment 6 Memory and Culture 7 Bilingualism Cultural Beliefs, Expectations, Effort, and Academic Achievement 8 Cultural Influences on Cognitive Development Group Differences in Parenting Styles Cultural Differences in Care for the Elderly 9 Cultural Rules for Displaying Emotion 10 Racism and Stress 11 Personality and Culture 12 Culture, Gender, and Depression 13 Culturally Sensitive and Gender Sensitive Therapy 14 Physical Attractiveness Romantic Attraction and Mating Social Loafing Review & Reflect Tables Chapter 1 Research Methods in Psychology Perspectives in Psychology 2 Major Neurotransmitters and Their Functions Glands, Hormones, and Their Functions 3 -- 4 The Effects and Withdrawal Symptoms of Some Psychoactive Drugs 5 Reinforcement Schedules Compared The Effects of Reinforcement and Punishment Classical and Operant Conditioning Compared 6 -- 7 -- 8 Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development 9 Theories of Motivation Theories of Emotion 10 -- 11 Defense Mechanisms Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development 12 Perspectives on Psychological Disorders 13 Summary and Comparison of Insight Therapies and Therapies Emphasizing Interaction with Others 14 -- Outstanding Support Materials for Today’s Busy Faculty Instructor’s Manual Written by text author Denise Boyd, this wonderful tool can be used by first-time or experienced teachers, and includes numerous handouts, a sample syllabus, lecture material, chapter outlines, suggested reading and video sources, and teaching objectives. Test Bank Featuring more than 100 questions per chapter, the Mastering Test Bank includes multiple choice, true/false, short answer, and essay, each coded with difficulty rating, page references, and detailed explanations about the answer key. Also available in TestGen 5.0 computerized version, for use in personalizing tests. MyPsychLab Where Learning Comes to Life MyPsychLab is an exciting new learning and teaching tool designed to increase student success in the classroom, and quickly and easily give instructors access to every imaginable resource needed to teach and administer an introductory psychology course. For more information, see the back cover of this sample chapter or visit www.mypsychlab.com for a demonstration. PowerPoint Presentation CD ROM An exciting interactive tool for use in the classroom, the PowerPoint Presentation for Mastering includes images from and key topics covered in the textbook, a link to the companion website for corresponding activities, and the electronic Instructor’s Manual files. Transparencies The Transparency Kit includes approximately 230 full-color acetates to enhance classroom lecture and discussion -- including images from all of Allyn and Bacon’s Introduction to Psychology texts. Insights into Psychology, Volumes I and II with Video Guide These video programs include 2-3 short clips per topic, covering such topics as animal research, parapsychology, health and stress, Alzheimer’s, bilingual education, genetics and IQ, and much more. A Video Guide containing critical thinking questions accompanies each video. Also available on DVD. Allyn and Bacon Digital Media Archive for Psychology, 4.0 This comprehensive source includes still images, audio clips, web links, and animation and video clips. Highlights include classic Psychology experimental footage from Stanley Milgrim’s Invitation to Social Psychology, biology animations, and more - with coverage of such topics as eating disorders, aggression, therapy, intelligence, and sensation and perception. Student Supplements that ensure success Built-In Study Guide Following each chapter, students are provided with a study guide to reinforce key concepts. Practice Tests For additional test preparation, two practice tests per chapter are found at the end of the text. Tutor Center A support service that’s available when you’re not… Every copy of Mastering the World of Psychology is packaged with access to the Tutor Center, providing free, high-quality, one-on-one tutoring to students. Qualified tutors will answer questions students have about material in the text. The Tutor Center is open when students need the most help – in the late afternoon and evenings, 5 – 12 pm (EST), Sunday – Thursday during the academic calendar. For more information, visit www.aw.com/tutorcenter/psych. Research Navigator TM The easiest way for students to start a research assignment or research paper… Research Navigator helps students quickly and efficiently make the most of their research time, and write better papers. Our program is complete with extensive help on the research process and includes three exclusive databases of credible and reliable source material – EBSCO’s ContentSelect Academic Journal Database, The New York Times Search by Subject Archive, and our own “Best of the Web” Link Library. For more information, visit www.researchnavigator.com. iSearch with Research Navigator: Psychology This easy to read guide helps point students in the right direction as they explore the tremendous array of information on psychology on the Internet. The guide also provides a wide range of additional annotated web links for further exploration. iSearch also contains an access code to Research Navigator, Allyn & Bacon’s online collection of academic and popular journals. MyPsychLab Where Learning Comes to Life MyPsychLab is an exciting new learning and teaching tool designed to increase student success in the classroom, and quickly and easily give instructors access to every imaginable resource needed to teach and administer an introductory psychology course. For more information, see the back cover of this sample chapter or visit www.mypsychlab.com for a demonstration. Companion Website http://www.ablongman.com/woodmastering 1/e A unique resource for connecting the textbook to the Internet. Each chapter includes: Learning Objectives Chapter summaries Updated and annotated web links for additional sources of information Flash Card glossary terms Introduction to Psychology timeline Online practice tests Psychology activities Mind Matters II CD-ROM New! The Allyn & Bacon Mind Matters II CD-ROM makes psychology more engaging, interactive, informative and fun! Mind Matters II covers the “core” concepts of psychology through a combination of text, graphics, simulations, video clips of historic experiments, and activities. Assessments test comprehension at both the topic and unit levels. New to Mind Matters II - innovative modules on Personality, Developmental Psychology and Social Psychology. To Our Reviewers Numerous reviewers were invaluable to the development of the first four editions of The World of Psychology. Their help provided a solid foundation for the creation of Mastering the World of Psychology. The following people provided valuable feedback -Kenneth Benson: Hinds Community College Cari Cannon: Santiago Canyon College Dennis Cogan: Texas Tech University Jim Dorman: St. Charles CC Laura Duvall: Heartland CC Colleen L. Gift: Highland Community College Paula Goolkasian: UNC Charlotte Brett Heintz: Delgado Community College Alan Hughes: Nazareth College (NY) Norman E. Kinney: SE Missouri State U Leslie Minor-Evans: Central Oregon CC Michelle Pilati: Rio Hondo College Vicki Ritts: St. Louis CC, Meramec Robert Stickgold: Harvard University Lisa Valentino: Seminole Community College We would also like to thank the following reviewers of the fourth edition of The World of Psychology: Jeffrey S. Anastasi, Francis Marion University Kathleen Bey, Palm Beach Community College Robert Brownstein, Delaware Technical & Community College Samuel Clay, Heartland Community College Helen Doane, University of Minnesota at Duluth James W. Downing, Sul Ross State University Fred Fernandez, Modesta Junior College Phil Finney, Southeast Missouri State University Kenneth J. Good, Minnesota State University, Mankato Audrey Guild, Houston Community College Toni Haynes, Palm Beach Community College Curt S. Ickes, Ashland University R. Martin Lobdell, Pierce College Karla Miley, Black Hawk College Terri Morrow, Illinois Central College Suzanne Nickeson, Umpqua Community College Sam Olive, Henry Ford Community College Ellen Pastorino, Valencia Community College Michael P. Phillips, Metropolitan State College of Denver Melissa Polusny, Minnesota State University, Mankato Sally Ponce-O'Rourke, Moorpark College William F. Price, North Country Community College Sandra Prince-Madison, Delgado Community College Joan Ratz, Minnesota State University, Mankato George E. Riday, Citrus College Barry J. Ries, Minnesota State University, Mankato Susan Ringer, Hinds Community College Vicki Ritts, St. Louis Community College-Meramec Harold I. Siegel, Rutgers University William E. Snell, Southeast Missouri State University Jeanne Spaulding, Houston Community College Jack Spaun, Citrus College Maria Straus, Houston Community College William E. Threlfall, Chabot College Dennis Underwood, Henry Ford Community College Rene Verry, Millikin University Rebecca L. Walker, Central Oregon Community College Janel Weigel, Black Hawk College Clair Wiederholt, Madison Area Technical College Marie Wiederholt, St. Charles County Community College About the Authors Samuel E. Wood received his doctorate from the University of Florida. He has taught at West Virginia University and the University of MissouriSt. Louis and was a member of the doctoral faculty at both universities. From 1984 to 1996, he served as president of the Higher Education Center, a consortium of 14 colleges and universities in the St. Louis area. He was a co-founder of the Higher Education Cable TV channel (HEC-TV) in St. Louis and served as its president and CEO from its founding in 1987 until 1996. Dr. Wood is currently adjunct professor of psychology at Lindenwood University. Ellen Green Wood received her doctorate in educational psychology from St. Louis University and was an adjunct professor of psychology at St. Louis Community College at Meramec. She has also taught in the clinical experiences program in education at Washington University and at the University of MissouriSt. Louis. In addition to her teaching, Dr. Wood has developed and taught seminars on critical thinking. She received the Telecourse Pioneer Award from 1982 through 1988 for her contributions to the field of distance learning. Denise Boyd received her Ed.D. in educational psychology from the University of Houston, and has been a psychology instructor in the Houston Community College System since 1988. From 1995 until 1998, she chaired the Psychology, Sociology, and Anthropology Department at HCCS-Central College. She has co-authored three other Allyn & Bacon texts: with Helen Bee, Lifespan Development (Third Edition) and The Developing Child (Tenth Edition); and with Genevieve Stevens, Current Readings in Lifespan Development. A licensed psychologist, she has presented a number of papers at professional meetings, reporting research in child, adolescent, and adult development. She has also presented workshops for teachers whose student’s range from preschool to college. Together, Sam, Evie, and Denise have more than 45 years of experience teaching introductory psychology to thousands of students of all ages, backgrounds, and abilities. The World of Psychology is the direct result of their teaching experience.
