Download Anatomy and Physiology Notes

Anatomy and Physiology Notes
NCSCOS – 4.02, 4.03, 4.04
1. Integumentary System - Structure
• Skin – composed of 2 major layers
– dermis and epidermis
• Epidermis – outer layer, 2 parts
interior and exterior
– Exterior – 25-30 layers
dead cells, shed
continously, contains
keratin
– Interior – living cells that
replace exterior cells,
contains melanin (pigment)
Dermis – inner, thicker portion – holds
blood vessels, nerves, sweat and oil
glands, hair follicles
• Regulation of body T – blood
vessels expand and constrict, sweat
• Sense organ
• Produces essential vitamins (D)
• Protective layer
2. Muscular System
• Smooth – found in walls of
intestine, blood vessels,
internal organs. Peristalsis,
involuntary control
• Cardiac – heart, conduct
electricity, involuntary control
• Skeletal – striated, attach to
and move your bones,
voluntary control
3. Skeletal System
• 206 bones in skeleton –
divided into two main parts
• Axial – bones of skull,
vertebral column, ribs,
sternum
• Appendicular – bones
of arms and legs
• Bones connect at joints –
movable and immovable
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Held with ligaments (bone to bone) and tendons (muscle to bone)
4 types of joints
Ball and socket – allow for rotational movement
Hips and shoulders
Pivot – bones twist around each other
forearm
Hinge – back and forth movement
knees
Gliding – bones slide past each other
Wrists
Framework
Protection
Efficient movement
Produces blood cells in red marrow and fat in yellow marrow
Stores minerals – ex. calcium
4. Circulatory System - Function
• Pumps blood to all parts of
body
• Blood –
– Transports oxygen and
nutrients
– Removes waste
– Transports immune
system cells
• Composed of heart and blood
vessels
• Vessels include –
– Arteries – carries blood away from the heart, branches into arterioles and
capillaries
– Veins carry blood towards the heart, branch into venules
• Mammalian heart has 4 chambers
• Upper two are atria and lower two are
ventricles (pumping chambers)
• RA receives oxygen poor blood from
body.
• RA pumps blood to RV
• RV pumps blood to lungs through
pulmonary artery. Blood becomes oxygen
rich
• Oxygen rich blood sent to LA through the
pulmonary vein
• LA pumps oxygen rich blood to LV
• LV pumps oxygen rich blood to body
6. Digestive System - Function
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Breaking down and processing food by
absorbing nutrients and eliminating waste
Can be physical or chemical
Begins in mouth – physical digestion by
chewing, chemical digestion by salivary
amylase (starches)
Food is swallowed and goes down
esophagus, peristalsis moves the food into
the stomach
Stomach muscles continue physical
digestion
Chemical digestion by stomach acid
2-4hrs. – food enters small intestine
In small intestine muscles continue physical
Numerous compounds for chemical
Pancreas secretes enzymes that break down
carbs, proteins, and nucleic acids
• Liver produces bile
• Bile is stored in gall bladder and
secreted into small intestine to help
break down fats
• Food is now nutrients, waste, and water
• Nutrients are absorbed by the small
intestine through villi and enter the
blood stream
• Water and waste go to lg. intestine
• Water is absorbed and solid waste is
excreted
7. Respiratory System
• Primary function is gas
exchange
• Take in oxygen and release
carbon dioxide
• Primary organ is lungs
8. Urinary System - Function
Filters blood, reabsorbing nutrients
and eliminating wastes
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Kidneys are made of cells called nephrons
Nephrons filter blood and remove wastes (mainly dilute ammonia = urea), leaving
nutrients in blood
Wastes are sent down ureters to the urinary bladder, leave body through urethra
9. Nervous System
• Function – transmit neural impulses through body
• Structure – made of neurons (nerve cells)
• Neuron –
– Cell body
– Dendrites –receive impulses
– Axons – send impulses
• Divided into central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)
• Three types of neurons
– Sensory – carry impulse from body to CNS
– Interneurons – in CNS, process impulse and prepare response
– Motor – carry response from CNS to origin of impulse
10. Endocrine System
• Endocrine glands that secrete hormones (chemical messengers)
• Found throughout the body
• Hypothalamus and pituitary glands control the activity of many others
• Specific for specific receptors
• Function in positive feedback and negative feedback (thermostatic control)
• Ex. of negative feedback – insulin and glucagon controlling blood sugar (glucose)
levels
• Adrenal glands – fight or flight
• Thyroid glands – regulate growth, development, and metabolism
11. Immune System
• All of the defenses against pathogens (any disease causing agent)
• Different lines of defense • innate – nonspecific, same response to a variety of pathogens
• Acquired (specific) – specific responses to specific pathogens
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Innate:
Skin, mucous membranes, secretions
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Phagocytic cells – white blood cells that engulf pathogens
Antimicrobial proteins
Inflammatory response – fever and inflammation increases blood flow to an area,
increases WBC in the area
Natural killer cells – destroy tumors
Interferon – distress signal sent out by cells infected by viruses
Acquired:
• Specific immunity operate on “self vs. nonself” principle
• Lymphocytes (special white blood cells) function in specific immunity
– B cells – make antibodies, protect against extracellular pathogens –
bacteria, worms, fungus, etc.
– T cells – protect against intracellular pathogens (viruses, cancer) by
making cytotoxic T cells
– Helper T – coordinate efforts of B and T cells
• B and T cells both make memory cells that protect against future attack by the
SAME pathogen